PUSH AND PULL OF EQUILIBRIUM

PUSH AND PULL OF EQUILIBRIUM:

WHY GLOBAL WARMING IS UNSTOPPABLE

By: Joseph T. Arellano

Among the numerous questions that scientists are laboring to understand, this is the explanation to why the atom vibrates, something that scientists barely understand. It also explains the particles that resulted atoms mashing against each other, which puzzled scientists. It explains how the universe that started as a small dot reached its present size. It explains the mechanism that governs black hole, something that scientists are struggling to understand. It explains the source of dark matter and dark energy that scientists are in quandary. One timely subject is the explanation why global warming is unstoppable.

This is also the explanation why of all the planetary bodies within reach of modern technology only earth is inhabited by humans.

Introduction

When scientists smashed atomic particles against each other in order to learn more about the atom’s structure, the number of smaller particles that resulted from the collision took them completely by surprise that made one of them say, “Who ordered those?” They were completely lost in trying to understand the countless particles that resulted in the collision of atoms except to refer to them as “Particle Zoo.” The answer is already in their hands, science failure to see it is due mainly to their myopic method that limits their understanding not any farther than their noses. On account of it they fail to connect the numerous bits and pieces already in their hands.

This work explains everything that scientists would want to know; it explains the causes of Big Bangs and Black Holes, the source of Dark Matters, the hows and whys of atomic vibration and why Global Warming can’t be stopped.

Let us start connecting the dots that starts with the atom itself.

The Atom

Atomic vibration is an established and unchallengeable scientific truth. In fact, scientists claim that “understanding atom is the key to understanding the physical world we live in”, but the truth is atomic vibration holds the “key to understanding life itself.”

Atom is the building block of matter, and according to science “The size of the atom is about ten billionths of an inch.”, and, “…at the center of the atom lurked an object 100,000 times smaller, the nucleus.”[1] For us outside the laboratory, how do we visualize the size of an atom? Air is gas that is made up of atoms. Do we see the atoms that compose air? No, we don’, but it’s there. It is because an atom unless they cluster so densely to compose an object is invisible to the naked eye. Made invisible by its size yet scientists were so convinced with what they saw to be able to declare that atom is “not a solid piece of matter. It consists mainly of space and looks like a small solar system.”[2] Vibration of atom has crests and troughs similar to a sea wave. It is also likened to two persons passing ball to each other but the speed is so fast, as if they are not letting go of the ball. The speed of vibration is also constant and without external force but oscillates on its own. Within the nucleus of the atom, scientists found even smaller particles they call quark. Scientists use devices and gadgets to be able to observe atom; using deductive reasoning however we could posit the idea that whatever is the size of the smallest part of the atom that science were able to observe and identify is limited to the limitation of their instruments. It goes to say that something a lot smaller exists within that nucleus. Using number one as the size of the atom, divide it into whatever figure and it would result into something. No matter how large the divisor is that one would become so small but would never disappear. According to scientists atom is not a solid piece of matter not only due to the large space between the circling particle/s and the nucleus in the center that scientists have observed but also because as soon as it contracts it expands—it could be the other way; understandably which precedes which is yet to be understood. In other words, at no point in time does it remains still. It is a flux of events. It’s constantly and perpetually in motion.

There are still a lot to know about atom. Protons, neutrons and electrons are only names arbitrarily given by scientists but do not tell us what they are. What causes or drives the atom to expand and contract perpetually on its own force? What are its manifestations for one without scientific training to relate to it? How does a man on the street appreciate an object that is about ten billionths of an inch yet at the center of the atom lurked an object 100,000 times smaller. How does one connect atomic vibration to the big bang, black hole and climate change? What are its manifestations for one without training in science to understand and appreciate their existence?

The first step in answering these questions is to establish some facts; but before doing so it would be of great help to recall those who first explored it. It was the ancient philosophers of Mediterranean who first expounded on the existence of atom, hence the Greek word atoma which means indivisible. According to Leucippus—something which his pupil Democritus developed—all matter is constituted of identical indivisible particles called atoms. Democritus on the other hand proffered that matter is not infinitely divisible but is composed of numerous indivisible particles that are too small for human senses to detect. According to his exposition of the atomic theory of matter, all things are composed of minute, invisible, indestructible particles of pure matter (atoma,”indivisibles”), which move about eternally in infinite empty space (kenon,”the void”). Democritus viewed the creation of worlds as the natural consequence of the ceaseless whirling motion of atoms in space. Atoms collide and spin, forming larger aggregations of matter.[3] From here we can conclude that although modern science made great advances in finding more about the atom—among them to confirm that atoms makes up molecules that makes up objects—all that science did was to re-discover something that has lived for ages.  

Now, let’s lay down the grounds to prove our point.

Size is a Matter of Number

Atoms make up molecules, which in turn compose matter. If an atom is the size of a billionth of an inch, the atom composing an object such as a pebble if expressed in number is beyond comprehension. If a single pebble is made up of countless atoms, how much more of earth wherein a single pebble is just one negligible component? If the number one was used to confirm that an object a lot smaller than the smallest visible part of an atom exist, it could also be used as starting point—albeit in the opposite direction—to determine that an object immensely large exists. Multiplying one with any number would produce infinity equal to an object that is unimaginably huge.

            For one without science back ground to understand atomic vibration, we must find a model that represents it and most importantly its manifestations that prove it. First let’s define matter; matter is basically understood as anything that has weight and occupies space. From here there is no question that air—an invisible gas—is matter, just as a solid rock is, because it satisfies the basic definition of matter. Now, let’s take a piece of rock or a bucket of water. Break the piece of rock into different sizes. What difference do they have; nothing, only in size. Same is true with the bucket of water; pour it into different sizes of container and it would only be the size of the container that set each volume of water apart. It means no matter what the size or volume is, they are still of the same composition, which is atom. The same is true with air that could be partitioned in different sizes by storing them in cylinders of different sizes and volumes.

Connecting the preceding explanation and the fact that atoms make up molecules that make up objects, size, therefore, is a matter of number i.e., as an object becomes larger the larger the number of atom that composes it become. In other words, for an atom, which is the size of a billionth of an inch, to become visible to the naked eye without magnifying it several million times, one would just have to increase its number equaling the same amount. And since size (or space) translates into time—meaning the imperceptible atom’s vibration increases in duration with size—it makes it conclusive that the law governing atom applies to objects of any size (or volume in the case of water and air) and vice versa. This law is something that needs thorough understanding since this law is one essential aspect of atom that would enable us to connect atomic vibration to the phenomenon around us.

Unequal Density as Motivating Factor

Water evaporation is understood as water turning into water vapor to become clouds. Clouds once saturated would eventually drop as rain. But what exactly is going on when water turns into invisible vapors, rise in the sky then eventually return back to earth as rain water. It is always believed that evaporation is caused by heat, with the sun playing the biggest part. But is it? Consider the case of a clothes drying room full of wet clothes. Start the heat but close the door and remove ventilation to prevent air circulation. The temperature in the room would rise and the clothes would equally be heated but the wet clothes would remain wet. Now, stop the heating, open the door to allow air to escape and for fresh air to replace the air that had escaped, and the clothes would dry up. What happened? When the heating was running but without ventilation the water that had escaped from the clothes would turn into water vapor would pervade and saturate the room. And as a consequence of the room being saturated with water vapor, it would prevent more water from leaving the clothes that would keep the clothes wet. In other words, the water would leave the clothes but only up to how much water vapor the air inside the room could hold. On the contrary, even without heating once the air in the room is allowed to escape and be replaced by dryer and less dense air from the outside the clothes would dry up. To exaggerate it, apply heat into a ball made of metal with water in it, and water will remain inside the ball. On the other hand, take a bowl of water, leave it and in time water would disappear. The speed with which water evaporates is dictated by the amount of water particles pervading the atmosphere. Evaporation in the dessert in summer is considerably faster than in a cold and misty weather. This explains why when it is raining, smoke from cigarette and motor car have that piercing smell because the rain made the atmosphere saturated with water vapor causing the smoke to break up harder and dissipate longer than when the atmosphere is drier. Therefore, in the case of the drying room, although in the first case heat initiated the breaking up the water into vapor, it is not the direct cause of the clothes to dry, but rather, as proven in the second case, it was the equalization of two uneven densities and atmospheric pressures that caused the clothes to dry. How is that? Water leaving the clothes would become minute water particles that would pervade the room, which results in density and atmospheric pressure higher than its immediate surrounding. This would cause the higher density and pressure to be drawn into the lower ones. As the water-filled air leaves the room, dryer air of lesser density would fill the room in; thus air circulation starts. This is an unstoppable process that would proceed on its own until the pressure and density has equalized. This process of equalization of atmospheric pressures and densities is part of our daily life the relevance and consequence of which not many understand and relate. At this point it is conclusive that water evaporation would proceed even without heat although heat hastens it.

Evaporation is a Process of Decomposition

Now, if heat is not the direct cause of water evaporation, what mechanism turns water into minute particles to rise up then collect as clouds only to return to earth and into its old form of water? Comparing the densities of water and clouds, water is undoubtedly heavier of the two. Therefore, evaporation from water into clouds is a process of transformation from higher to lower density. And when cloud reverts into water, the transformation is only a process in reverse. Similarly, in the case of the drying room, it is the equalization of densities that caused the clothes to dry. It is now obvious that uneven density is the motivating factor for water to leave its containment then eventually evaporates then drops back as rain. But behind it is a mechanism that is yet to be understood when density transforms from heavy to light then back. The key in understanding this process is that evaporation is a process of decomposition. That is, when water evaporates its components break apart, which cause the individual components to adapt with their environment with the water component to rise. Another question is why do clouds rise only up to a point; why does it not rise all the way into outer space? One factor is gravity but before opening that subject, let’s go to a subject whose process is similarly effective in visualizing the cause of atomic vibration.

Air movement is a very clear and simple case of equalization of atmospheric pressures. Air is made up of various gases. Air movement is called wind. Heated air becomes light that causes it to rise creating a void, which in turn results in low atmospheric pressure; a process that eventually creates atmospheric imbalance. To create balanced atmosphere, air from the surrounding areas would rush in to fill up the void until a balanced atmospheric pressure is reached. It is very much similar to scooping water wherein the surrounding water would gush to fill the void that the scooping had caused. Hence air movement in order to fill a void that consequently creates atmospheric equilibrium is one strong proof that air is matter. Just like cloud that would eventually drop in the form of rain, air also re-circulates back to earth. But a similar question arises; why does air re-circulate back to earth? Why does it not rise until it is out of the earth’s sphere of influence?

However, heated air expanding making it light and causing it to rise is only half of the story. Heated air similarly decomposes with the components similarly adapting to its environment and with the air component rising thousands of feet above. It is important to note, at this point, that water and air are compounded objects.

Gravity is Process of Seeking the Center of the Mass

Science has a very limited understanding of gravity. The effect of gravity on solid objects is now a common knowledge; but how about the atmosphere, is it also influenced by gravity? Water seeks the lowest level. But is it the lowest level it seeks? Draw a circle to represent earth in a piece of paper before you. Draw yourself anywhere on the surface of the circle. Then from where you are draw a straight line bisecting the center. Definitely the direction your head is pointing at is up and your feet down. Now, draw yourself on the opposite side of where you were initially. The exact opposite happens. Rotate the circle in any direction and repeat the process and it would lead to the same result. In other words direction of up and down is relative to the location of the center of the mass where you are located.

Now, draw a line representing a tunnel that bisects the center of the circle in the north-south direction. Considering that water seeks the lowest level, if water is poured into the northern mouth of the tunnel, would the water flow until it reaches the southern mouth? From the point of view of the observer of the paper size earth it would certainly do so. But in Southern Hemisphere water follows the same law of water seeking its lowest level the way it does anywhere in the Northern Hemisphere. If so, if water is poured into the northern and southern mouths would they eventually meet in the center? The answer is yes. Therefore, water does not seek the lowest level but the center of the mass that holds it or it constitutes. The process is called gravity, which caused the apple to fall to the ground not above it. From here we can conclude that the direction of up and down is dictated by the location of the center of the mass, that is, the center of the mass is down and any direction away from it is up.

How does gravity work on liquids and gases? Earth is just an over-sized pebble; in other words it is an object just as the pebble is. Let’s not forget that size is just a matter of number. And just as the pebble is made of the necessary elements for it to assemble and form as a pebble, earth is similarly made up of the necessary elements for it to exist as it is. And what could they be if not atoms? Gravity is the process by which objects would seek the center of the mass they constitute, or to which the said objects are integral to it. Water and air are elements that are integral to earth. Especially air, it is not a separate entity from earth. In other words, Earth would not be what it is without water and air in it. (The globe showing Earth as a round solid land and water is a misconception. To correctly represent planet Earth, the atmosphere with the intangible gases and clouds enveloping Earth would have to be included.) Air, as its nature is, rises only after being heated is essentially an element that constitutes planet Earth. Therefore, water in the form of clouds and air that had risen would always seek the center of the mass that holds them once their life span has reached their end that would consequently make them revert to their old form.

As illustrated in the subject of evaporation, the main factor in cycle of water transformation from liquid to gas then back to water is the effort to equalize density. This is also true in the case of air, wherein uneven density is the motivating factor of two phenomena of vertical and horizontal air movements. That is, first, the heating that air experiences causes it to become less dense and thereby causing it to rise. But the low temperature above the earth’s atmosphere would cool it down making it heavy enough for it to circulate back to earth; the process results in vertical air movement. On the other hand, rising air would result in a vacuum or uneven horizontal atmospheric pressure that would result in horizontal air movement or wind.

However, it is a proven fact that water and air when they rise circulate back to earth and as explained above it is on account of gravity or the continuous effort to seek the center of their mass once their life span end. But a question that is yet to be answered is the matter of limitation of water and air to rise. Why do they not rise continuously into outer space? Earth is not known to produce water and air, but only recycles it. Thus if water and air rises without coming back, earth would run out of these two elements.

Element of Space

Scientists claim that an atom is like a solar system, this is on account of the observed activity outside the nucleus resembling the motion of planetary bodies in the solar system. As expounded above, the law governing atom including its attributes applies to an object of any size. Possessing the same qualities and governed by the same laws, hence the question of why not water and air rise continuously to outer space applies to the atom in its perpetual vibration. Why don’t the particles circling the atom expand endlessly until it destructs? What’s holding the circling particles to the nucleus although there exists a relatively considerable distance between the two? One quality of the atom that modern scientists found are the “strong and weak forces” that holds the atom together. However, atomic particles not only do they not expand a great distance away from the nucleus but they also do not collide against each other with destructive result. The property of atomic particles not to collide against each other, as a matter of fact, bears so much profundity since it covers the question of how stellar bodies avoid colliding against each other. If the laws governing the atom apply to an object of any size, and vice versa, it means there, too, are strong and weak forces holding and keeping the planetary bodies for them not to collide against each other.  These questions imply an element for the atom and other objects to act as such. An apple is an object just as a piece of paper is. Cut an apple and juice would drip from it. The liquid contents of the apple are just as atom as its solid parts are. The juice of the apple is inter-twined within its solid part and is enveloped by its skin. Yet, if the apple has skin to hold its constituents, but is not the skin of an apple made of also of atoms liable to bounce away from the apple?

              Now, each and every single body from objects that are smaller than the atom that constitutes a body is a unit onto itself. Earth, for example, is one unit; but every single piece of object, such as water and air that makes up earth count as one unit onto themselves. Moreover, a drop of water constitutes one unit just as the bucket it was scooped from. But this single drop of water is made of countless atoms and each atom composing it is a unit onto itself. In other words, if an atom occupies space so that it has no other particles for it to collide with but once this single atom is made to join other atoms, they form to constitute one unit and, as it were, their elements do not collide destructively. This applies to the orderly motion of stellar bodies. Aside from the weak and strong forces that scientists theorize to exist, one way of appreciating the question of the orderly motion of stellar bodies is an element for them to co-exist harmoniously, that is, the element of space.

              But what sets or creates the element of space? As cloud reverts to its old form of water, it seeks the center of its mass; which is a process called gravity. Every single body is a unit onto itself, and since every single unit has its center of mass therefore every single body possesses gravity, albeit its strength depends on size. The final explanation to answer the existence of Element of Space would be made at the latter part of this work.

Democritus supports the idea of space element: Democritus… According to his exposition of the atomic theory of matter, all things are composed of minute, invisible, indestructible particles of pure matter (atoma,”indivisibles”), which move about eternally in infinite empty space (kenon,”the void”). One short word on element of space; although the element of space is considered the fifth element, it is not an element according to the properties of the four elements which are raw material for objects to arise. The Element of Space is just the space for the Four Great Elements to exist and play around without destroying each other.

             

Nothing Arises Without Raw Material – Explanation to Dark Matter

The big bang was based on the observed increasing distance of galaxies and other celestial bodies from each other, which is a concrete evidence of its occurrence; in other words the evidence to it is not a conjecture—it is observed. A proof to it is a super nova that had already been witnessed. But why would a celestial body explode? Since a celestial body, notwithstanding size, is just as a unit as the atom is, could there be a connection between the force that drives big bang and the process that causes an atom to vibrate on its own?

One vibration or one cycle of expansion and contraction counts as one life-cycle. Aside from visibility due to size, what separates an atom and planet earth is the length of their respective vibration or life-cycle. If a tiny atom’s life-cycle of one expansion to contraction takes imperceptibly short, conversely a life-cycle for relatively large earth takes similarly infinitely long. It goes without saying that while we have all the time in one lifetime to observe billions of atomic vibration; it would require several hundreds or even thousands of life-times to observe and appreciable change in earth’s life-cycle.

Planet Earth is presently experiencing climate change, which are symptoms that earth is globally warming up; and rightfully so, her inhabitants are frantically responding to it. However, global warming is a sign that Earth has reached the other half of its life cycle. In other words, global warming is a symptom of a something that could not be aborted—earth’s demise. The truth of the matter is there; earth is running out of fresh water, as some well meaning organizations are warning us to conserve water. There also indication that earth is losing air. In the TV documentary,[4] scientists found that oxygen in the ocean is becoming thin as explained by a large number of marine life that are either dead, dying or on the brink of extinction. Although scientist came up with several explanations none of them considered the possibility explored in this work. Sometime in May 2011, in a lake in the Philippines dotted with countless fish cages, a large volume of fish died. The cause of which proved to be oxygen deficiency. Lately earth has been experiencing extreme weather disturbances in which the explanation scientists offered is climate change. However, the abnormal and extreme weather pattern earth is presently experiencing is a direct result of thinning air. That is, as air progressively becomes thin it becomes extremely volatile, consequently making it easily influenced by weather forces for it to shift violently. As a consequence of the escape of water and air, Earth is losing its heat—not on the sense of cooling down or warming up but rather losing the ideal temperature for existence—meaning the inability to maintain correct temperature causing large bodies of ice to melt eventually raising sea level. Climate change is telling us Earth is en route to destruction.

An atom is a unit onto itself; and so is earth. But unit earth is a part of a solar system—a similar unit onto itself—and that solar system is a part of galaxy, which is only a unit of countless other units that makes up unit universe. As detailed earlier, the law governing unit atom applies not only to unit earth and unit solar system but also to the larger units such as unit galaxies and unit universes.

              Just before the turn of the century—which is only recent compared to the ancient philosophers’ introduction of the atom—scientists discovered something they could hardly explain. Astronomers found that “all of the observable matter in the universe, such as stars, gases, and galaxies, added up to little more than 10 percent of the total mass most theories required to be present in the universe. Astronomers theorized that the other 90 percent consisted of dark matter, matter that has little or no luminosity so that it is not directly visible. …scientists concluded that perhaps 50 percent of the dark matter in the universe took the form of white dwarfs, unseen stars that long ago burned out their nuclear fuel.”[5] The scientists must have been impressed and convinced with what they found for them to declare that, “…it is the gravity of the invisible dark matter that shapes galaxies and holds them together. Dark matters as observed by scientists could not be visually seen but their presence could be felt through the gravity they exert. Gravity is force that only tangible objects could possess. Dark matters therefore though apparently not visible to human eyes without special device are tangible objects.

            Here on earth, there are substances in the atmosphere the presence of which the human eye and the rest of its senses are not able to detect, but which are actually life sustaining. Unlike most types of plants—that get its sustenance from the soil through its roots—legumes get its food from the atmosphere through its leaves. It is called nitrogen fixation; the process which is made possible with the help of lightning. Lightning is known for destruction, but every strike of lightning is beneficial to mankind since it aides in producing compounds and organisms that become nutrients to plants. It does so with the help of nitrogen, which composes seventy-eight percent of gasses of the earth’s atmosphere. It is noteworthy, at this point, to emphasize the role that lightning plays in the conversion of one chemical substance to another. What the lightning is supplying is heat.  We do not see nitrogen without the aid of scientific device, and we do not get to  observe the process when lightning transforms nitrogen not only into nutrients for plants to grow on but also when it transforms them into plants itself, but there is proof to it. In the woods, the morning following a thunderstorm you may go to collect mushroom. Speaking of lightning, lighting is electricity that needs conductor for it to travel. The fact that lightning was able to travel several thousand feet indicates the presence of objects between the origin and its target for it to travel, which could be likened to a bridge. How, now, do we explain the dark matters in space that scientists found?

To answer this question let’s first recall two essential aspects of the subject; that size is just a matter of number and the law that governs an atom applies to larger objects. Earth does not produce water and air; it only re-cycles them. This is explained by the fact that the amount of rain that falls is exactly the amount of water that had evaporated otherwise the oceans would overflow every time it rains. Or, if the rain that falls is lesser than the water that had evaporated in no time would earth run out of water. The same is true with air. In other words, if earth does not produce but only re-cycles the elements that constitute it there is no reason why the same rule would not apply to large bodies in the outer space.  

Not having the sophisticated instruments to observe the heavens, dark matters however could be understood using earthly phenomenon as model. Everything in the universe has a raw material; nothing pops up out of nothing. Borrowing an analogy[6]; it is like the brick maker who makes bricks of clay dug from his backyard. As the number of his bricks increases and so is the size of the hole in his backyard. Although condition plays a significant factor for them to arise, fungus, mildews and the other similar living things would not just pop up without the necessary substances—i.e., raw material—to sprout with. Cloud is a result of water vapor formation, and cloud formation is just one parcel in the whole process of water life cycle. These water vapors, although not visible to the human eye, did not come out of nothing but only water that transformed from heavy to light density. The sprouting of mushrooms after a thunderstorm and plants getting its food from the atmosphere through its leaves prove the presence of objects—invisible to the human eye and undetected by the rest of human senses—that are life-sustaining objects in the atmosphere, in other words raw material, for things to arise.

            The process of nitrogen fixation as mentioned herein lacks so much in detail, yet, it sufficiently proves that the empty atmosphere as we see is not empty at all. Moreover, connecting the earthly matters—capable of being processed to produce other forms of substances—to the observed dark matters in outer space tells us that the term void is grossly erroneous in describing outer space.

It is important to note that it is not nitrogen that actually becomes sustenance to plants but the chemical substances that results from it when it gets mixed with some bacteria with lightning providing the heat. But the crux of the matter is that the nitrogen, in the form of chemical compound, which was absorbed by plants are eventually released back into the atmosphere once the plant dies, and this process is a perpetual cycle of give and take. This is also true in the case of animals (in other words, humans; ask those who uses human excrements as plant fertilizer), which releases nitrogen into the atmosphere through its excretions.

              The cycle on how nitrogen gets converted to another substance then reverts to its old form is true to all compounded matters. A piece of wood is a by-product of a tree, both of which are compounded matters. A tree springs from earth and gets it sustenance not only from the soil it grows on but from its whole environment. When the piece of wood gets destroyed by fire or if the tree, due to old ages, dies and eventually rots then breaks into pieces all the three volatile elements that constitute it would disperse to the atmosphere while its solid elements blends with the soil it grows on. This takes us to a path wherein this exploration could no longer move ahead without introducing a subject science never considered seriously.

The Raw Material – The Four Great Elements

As early as the flourishing of philosophy that is referred to as ancient, the matter of the four great elements has already formed a part of the philosophers’ (not scientists) consciousness; and with each school espousing its own element as the key to understanding our physical world. Let’s take a look at some of these pioneering ideas,

v  Democritus… According to his exposition of the atomic theory of matter, all things are composed of minute, invisible, indestructible particles of pure matter (atoma,”indivisibles”), which move about eternally in infinite empty space (kenon,”the void”). [7]

v  Democritus viewed the creation of worlds as the natural consequence of the ceaseless whirling motion of atoms in space. Atoms collide and spin, forming larger aggregations of matter.

v  Empedocles maintained that all things are composed of four irreducible elements: air, water, earth, and fire, which are alternately combined and separated by two opposite forces, love and strife. By that process the world evolves from chaos to form and back to chaos again, in an eternal cycle. …continued the search of the Ionians for a primary substance, which he claimed to be fire. He noticed that heat produces changes in matter, and thus anticipated the modern theory of energy.

v  Heraclitus maintained that all things are in a state of continuous flux, that stability is an illusion, and that only change and the law of change,… are real

v  Thales, who was revered by later generations as one of the Seven Wise Men of Greece, was interested in astronomical, physical, and meteorological phenomena. His scientific investigations led him to speculate that all natural phenomena are different forms of one fundamental substance, which he believed to be water because he thought evaporation and condensation to be universal processes.

v  Anaximander, a disciple of Thales, maintained that the first principle from which all things evolve is an intangible, invisible, infinite substance that he called apeiron, “the boundless.” This substance, he maintained, is eternal and indestructible. Out of its ceaseless motion the more familiar substances, such as warmth, cold, earth, air, and fire, continuously evolve, generating in turn the various objects and organisms that make up the recognizable world.

v  The third great Ionian philosopher of the 6th century bc, Anaximenes, returned to Thales’s assumption that the primary substance is something familiar and material, but he claimed it to be air rather than water. He believed that the changes things undergo could be explained in terms of rarefaction (thinning) and condensation of air. [8]

Ironically it is these same ancient philosophers—aided only by logical deduction, or philosophical speculation as some scientist would put it—that first explored and expounded on the idea of atoms ages before modern science would later discover it.[9] What gives the four elements its unscientific connotation is when it is used in augury, most popular of which these days is the Chinese feng shui.

The Big Bang theory as reported by scientists is logically acceptable. But what would cause a certain body to explode? The first stage in understanding this question is the understanding of the four great elements of solidity, motion, heat and cohesion; which are represented respectively by earth, air, fire and water.

The four elements are both the composition and the qualities that each compounded matter would possess. The characteristics of the four elements are qualities that would represent such an idea. Earth, for example, due to its hard and soft qualities was used to represent solidity; and because it occupies space, it is used to represent extension. The substance that we see in mater is on account of element earth. Compounded matter would not come together without the property that would hold them together, thus water was borrowed to represent it since it has the properties of cohesion and paste. Each object has a certain degree of hotness or coldness for it to arise and exist, thus fire was used to signify heat or temperature. Air is for motion and expansion due to its ability to move and also to expand and to contract with heat.

Every compounded matter possesses the properties of the four elements. What distinguishes one compounded matter from one another is the amount of each element that constitutes it. For example, some plastic materials would neither sink nor float in seawater. The explanation is that the plastic—which is solid—has the same density as seawater have. Density is mathematically expressed as mass per unit volume; in layman’s term an expression of hardness or compactness. Therefore, although solid plastic is predominated by earth element, its weight—of the same volume—is the same as the liquid water on account of the same number of atomic particles that both possess. Another example is timber, some timbers would float on the water; some would sink. Both are trees but made differently by the unequal distribution of constituents. The sinker would sink because the solid element is more densely distributed allowing lesser space for the rest of the elements, which is exactly opposite the floater. It goes without saying that what separates the two is the predominating element. Earth was used to represent solidity only due to the dominance of solid element in it, but earth itself possesses the other three; fire is predominated by heat but it also has the other three, and so on. But the best example to visualize how predominance of an element determines the quality of matter is in the case of water. Union of two gases would produce either liquid or different kind of gas depending on the number of molecules of each gas that gets bind into the union. Union of one molecule of oxygen and one molecule of carbon produces carbon dioxide. However, two molecules of hydrogen and one of oxygen would result in water. When these gases unite to form water, the solidity of the resulting liquid would predominate its gas property thus it would result in liquid.

As it is, of these four, it is only earth that is tangible; the other three are abstract, including—as we saw above—water. What you see and feel in liquid water is its solidity. Liquid water is composed of oxygen and hydrogen, therefore it is gas. Gas is bodiless, in other words abstract. When liquid water disintegrates in the form of evaporation it loses its solidity; that is why when liquid water evaporates you do not see the process taking place. When you dip your hands into water you would feel its degree of heat. When you drink plain water it is tasteless, but with coffee, it is the sweetness or flavor in the coffee that you taste. When you dipped your hands into it and drank it, it was its solidity that came into contact with your senses, because water is gas—oxygen and hydrogen. This explains why during evaporation we do not see the vapors because what is evaporating is water in its true form which is actually abstract. By now, we are able to distinguish abstract water from water droplets that forms clouds. Clouds are element water in the process of collecting its other elements—the last of which is solidity—to become complete water.

One of the processes that explain the nature of liquid water is smoke. Smoke is unburned material; that is why the embers of burned material emits more smoke than the flame itself. The smoke stack of a bakeshop that uses firewood collapsed. What was surprising was the presence of water that came out from it due to the lack of possible source. The process of elimination leads to the conclusion that the heat from the fire made the water from the firewood evaporate, though not all of it escaped into the atmosphere. Instead, water in the form of gas, or element water, clung on to the smokestack until it collects enough to form as liquid water, then drips down and gets collected into the elbow of the smoke stack.

The element of cohesion is the element that holds an object together, which is predominant in water. When element of cohesion or paste leaves a body, nothing would hold it together thus it loses its cohesiveness. That is why when we talk of element water, we are talking of the abstract water that is found in matter water.

Now, when an object destructs its four elements dissipate and would float into the environment waiting to be collected as raw material of the next compounded matter that would come into existence. The crux of the matter is that the four elements are not produced but only re-cycled. Recalling the brick maker, nothing would arise from nothing; there is always a raw material. Conversely, when something decomposes, there would always be residue; such as the case of a burning material that would always emit smoke. Let us look at more manifestation of existence of the four elements; let’s begin with the less complicated ones. After the volatile elements have left a piece of wood during decay, the solid element would break into tiny pieces until it becomes one with its environment. What is happening is that element earth is just reverting to its old self. The process of remnants of the decayed piece of wood becoming one with its environment is true to any object whose material existence has come to its end. The solid element as soon as it gets absorbed by its environment would be food to plants that are about to spring to life. In turn, these plants would be source of food to other living beings—humans and animals. The same is true with the other elements; bear in mind that the elements are not produced, but only recycled. Elements air and water offer lesser complications than element fire. The process of a dead tree releasing its heat is indiscernible because there is very little that differentiates a tree adapting to the weather pattern of its abode and the log being swayed by the oscillation of the temperature in its environment. A tree however that is transplanted would only survive if the environmental qualities of its new home, such as climactic pattern, resemble that of its origin.

These four are not compounded matters, thus aside from them there are no other elements in the universe that could stand alone on its own; being so therefore these four are indestructible. But, again, they are not produced, only recycled. Every matter in the universe is a combination of these four and escape of one of them would mean destruction. To visualize this, look at the land parched by drought. It is marked by cracks since water is no longer present to hold it together, but although the appearance of soil is still there, it is already dead, meaning at that state it has began to decompose. With one of its elements already gone the parched land, being dead, is no longer a representation of its outward appearance of soil. Just like a dead rotting dog, which although remnants of what could be referred to as dog are present, it is no longer its former self because it is lifeless. Another example is concrete. During road construction, while still fresh, sample in small pieces of the road under construction are taken to be tested for quality. Testing is done by applying a certain degree of heat. The aim is to find whether at a certain temperature it could sustain itself without sign of weakening as shown by cracking or breaking apart. But what is it that gives its ability to hold itself from cracking? Cracking would occur when water element—the element responsible for holding it together—escapes; what is being measured is how dense is it to be able to keep its water element intact. Poor quality ones—meaning incorrect proportion of composition—would not withstand the heat and at no time would it crack. Simple logic would tell however that even good quality ones—correct proportion— would cave in if heat is increased and prolonged. The answer lies in the fact that if cracking is caused by the escape of water, however, escape of water is just a matter of time and so is the existence of the object. Due to the escape of one of the four elements, the appearance of concrete would only be an illusion; meaning it is in a state of decay and thus it no longer what it appears to be and would no longer serve its purpose. We are aware that it cracked due to the escape of water, which holds it together but what is ignored is that it cracked because the element that holds it together is no longer present. Proving that once one of the four elements is missing, it is not what it appears to be.

Liquid water is also composed of these four. When water losses its solidity, it would destruct and disappear in the form of what is commonly known as vapor. And steam, that similarly breaks up into small particles, does it rise to heaven, too? What is the difference between water vapor in the form of steam and vapor that resulted in evaporation? The actual process going on is that the process of evaporation is one of decomposition. In other words water is losing it tangibility—solidity and extension—its cohesive element together with its other three elements are dispersing and being drawn into a space of lighter density, which obviously is the atmosphere enveloping it. Steam, on the other hand, is not one of decomposition since steam is still matter with its four elements intact. The powerful energy derived from steam is on account of its solid property. However, as steam escapes its containment, depending on its environment, it either condensates and re-forms into solid water or gets absorbed and adapts to its less dense surroundings in the form of water element that eventually rises to become one with the atmosphere then eventually with the clouds. Even sound has solid properties; the piercing noise that sound produces is on account of the element of solidity it possesses.

Temperature is present in any object, but heat as component of a compounded matter is relative to the environment of the user. Among humans (and beings with similar existence), excessive heat or cold may cause death but what is cold for one from the tropic may just be comfortable to one from the Arctic. It is the reason fish and birds, which are armed to travel great distances, would have to immigrate when the weather conditions becomes uncomfortable. They are simply making adjustment to suit the temperature as imposed by their bodily needs. Although it is less obvious in the case of inanimate objects due to the limited significance, inanimate objects, however, also suffer the same when the temperature becomes excessively high or low compared to what made them came to be. The best example, again, to this is water, which at excessively high temperature evaporates and at excessively low temperature freezes, that is, it has lost its correct temperature to remain liquid. Another obvious example of destruction once incorrect temperature settles are plastic materials and paper that would crumple due to high or low temperature. We have also seen how the concrete cracked on excessive heat, after the escape of water element.          

The element of motion and expansion is represented by air since it possesses such qualities. It is already known that heat causes the ripening and decay of fruits and vegetables. But heat as the cause of maturing is only half of the process because the other half is yet to operate and that is molecular movement afforded by the element of motion. It explains why decay in fruits is never evenly distributed; it is because when heat is not evenly distributed within the body—which is true in many cases—motion within the body would consequently be restricted, signifying the effect of heat on motion.

One way to appreciate the process by which the four elements come to compose an object is paper. Solids do not burn neither is liquid; only gas burns. In other words for the paper to burn it would have to give off gases and what would it give off if there was no gas locked within that thin sheet of paper. Fire, or burning, is a chemical reaction wherein one object, for example the paper, is turned into a different form on account of excessive heat. The solid properties of the paper are what results in ashes once it gets burned with the help of the gases that is enmeshed within it. Since gas is also made of atom, a burning sheet of paper proves that gas is one of the compositions of atom. Therefore, to be precise, the gas that burned is not locked up within the paper but it is one of the elements that the paper is made of on account of the atom.

           

The four great elements are what constitute the universe. Understanding them is the only way to understand not only the mechanism that the universe operates with but also the material part of life.

Conclusion – Push and Pull of Equilibrium: the First, the Perpetual and the Eternal Cause, and the Prime Mover of the Universe.

A. Unequal Density and the Effort to Equalize It Is the Force that Causes the Atom to Vibrate

Understanding atomic vibration is the key not only to understanding the physical world we live in but to the secrets of life as well. Understanding atomic vibration holds the key to the most profound question such as the origin of life. Density anywhere in the universe is never equal; this is a fact that applies to any object. Consequently, an irreversible impersonal effort to equalize that uneven density is constantly at work. Water evaporation, due to its perceptible process and the relative smallness both in duration and in space of its process, presents the best model to demonstrate the process of equalization of density. Water is made volatile by its predominant water element, this volatile properties facilitates water on the earth’s surface into getting drawn to the lesser density above it. As water turns into vapor, it rises to a point where it gathers to form into cloud. The highest clouds, and therefore least dense, is thin and is thus not having the ability to block the sun. However, within the earth’s atmosphere, above the highest clouds visible to human eyes are elements water waiting to gather into cloud. As it collects more of itself it becomes heavier for it to glide closer to earth. But before touching ground, it opens up to release water presumably because it can no longer hold on to itself.

Why do water-laden clouds eventually drop down in the form of water? Why does it not glide down to earth in cloud form the way it had risen in vapor form?  Clouds are not actually water but element water in the process of repeating itself, i.e., collecting its other three elements. The lighter the cloud is, the more of its water elements are and the lesser of its other elements are, especially element of solidity. As it becomes thicker and heavier, the reverse happens wherein it gains more of its solid elements until it eventually outweighs its lighter elements. Approaching from a different angle: if during evaporation water gets decomposed and thus its four elements break apart; on the other hand, as the vapors collects more of itself to become cloud, the reverse process takes place as it gathers its other elements to form as rain water. In other words, cloud dropping down as rain is not because it can no longer hold on to its self but it is taking the exact reverse process it took from transforming from water to cloud. What we must understand is that the process that starts from evaporation until it reverts to its old form of water is a life-cycle. And as the word cycle implies, it’s a process that would proceed until it has made a complete circle at constant rate, in other words it is a law that would perpetuate itself with unblinking accuracy.

Understanding fog helps in understanding the process of transformation of cloud into water. Fog is cloud on the earth’s surface. Allowing a simple explanation, fog is caused by a large difference in temperatures between the air and its surrounding. It is heat, in turn, that would also be the cause for it to dissipate. Although fog and cloud are the same water particles, fog did not originate from water but from air, or to be accurate, the water element that composes air. Thus when fog regains itself, it does so in its old form, which is air. What the two processes have in common is the change in density. Meaning, once a substance that transforms itself to a different form would revert back to its old form it would do so in its old density. Therefore, as cloud approaches earth it would assume its old density and form, which is water. The process is aptly referred to as “repeating itself”.

But why would the light density above the earth’s atmosphere draw the water below it? Water is matter; similar to the air rushing to fill a void, water rises in the form of water vapor to create balanced atmosphere. A very good example to visualize it is a container that would get compressed (implode) once air is sucked from it. It’s a matter of equalizing of pressures or density.

What causes water vapors and clouds to be attracted to each other and form into clouds, or why does it repeat itself? Water repeating itself is a continuous process of equalization of two extreme densities and understanding the process that creates wind answers this question. The key word as to why water repeat itself is “equalization” since it’s all about equalization of densities. Therefore, water vapors collecting themselves to form cloud and clouds clustering to form larger and heavier body of cloud are just part of the process to complete the cycle of creating balanced atmosphere.

After establishing that the prime mover of water evaporation is uneven density and that a constant process to equalize that uneven density is at work, we can now work back to understand what’s causing the atom to act as such. As it were, there, too, is an impersonal effort for the atom to strike equilibrium within its self and it environ. As the atom contracts it creates large disparity in density between its self and the space surrounding it so that the lesser density space would consequently suck the atomic particles away from its nucleus causing the particles to expand and the purpose of such expansion is to attain equilibrium. In the process of expanding to fill in the space the atomic particles become completely separated from each other resulting in the disappearance of that atom, thus that atom is dead. This would be followed by the atomic particles to just float as free agents, but as fast as it dies, the reverse process of contraction would set in to give rise to another atom ready for its next expansion. This process is constant and it perpetuates itself impersonally.

Matter is a conglomeration of atoms so that size is just a matter of number. One water life-cycle—from water to vapor then back to water in the form of rain—is one vibration, or one process of expansion and contraction (or vice versa). Matter water is made up of atom and what differentiates water vibration to that of an atom is their duration and space; that is, extremely small atom vibrates at indiscernibly short pace and space, while that of matter water is considerably longer and larger. Therefore, number represents not only size or space but also duration or time. Water is composed of atoms and so are solids, although water is predominated by water element. Does it mean solids vibrate the way water does? Again, the key to understanding evaporation is that it is a process of decomposition.  Look at the cheese ball; drop a fresh cheese ball, it would just roll. But leave in the open and allow it to dry and to sustain cracks, then drop it as you did on the fresh one. Wouldn’t it explode? Decomposition is a continuous process, thus with some of its element gone it had already started to decompose. Same thing is true with a freshly harvested fruit that would be lighter several days after harvesting. This is because decomposition, which starts with the evaporation of more volatile components, starts right at the time of inception and never stops. As soon as the fruit is cut off from its source of sustenance decay would set in since evaporation of elements never ceases right from the moment the fruit starts to bud and with no more supply to replace the escaping elements decomposition sets in. Leave the fruit for few more days and decomposition would be more evident. Let’s go back to the cheese; cut a small piece from a large one and leave them in the open for them to dry. The duration for them to decompose would be in consonance with their sizes proving that size and time, or space and time, are not only inter-changeable but also are the same entity. Matters that are predominantly earth element undergo the same process of decomposition, but unlike water that totally disappears in relatively short time, solids dissipate in a gradual and slow decomposition process. When the volatile elements have left the body, the solids would break up in the tiniest possible particles and become one with the environment. The length of time it takes for a solid to break apart depends on the degree of its solidity would allow.

Vibration is a process of contraction and expansion, that is, death and birth. We ourselves routinely experience birth and death although we fail to associate with it because our senses are incapable of discerning them. Let’s now look at our own vibration for us to thoroughly understand atomic vibration in order appreciate dissipation of solid matters. Every single piece of object around us, including air and other invisible gasses and the like, is vibrating in the atomic level. But the best model to appreciate atomic vibration is our own bodies; at no point in time of our existence don’t our bodies experience or undergo atomic vibration. First we have to bear in mind that it is density, or the impersonal process of equalizing unequal density, or the tug of war between two uneven densities, that drives the atom to vibrate. The human body falls under the category of matter, which is composed of countless atoms. Humans, just like any other living beings such as animals and even plants, require sustenance for them to survive thus they feed. Humans and other living beings, just like any other objects, are continuously evaporating, in other words continuously equalizing with the less dense surrounding; thus they feed to replace the elements that had evaporated. The only difference between a lifeless matter and a living being are the bodily senses that make up consciousness that tells they are hungry.

If food is for energy, would lying immobile keep us from hungering for it? Why would lions and large snakes still get up in search for food even if they had only lied down and did nothing after consuming a large amount of food? It is because the atomic particles that the body is made of are constantly being sucked into the atmosphere, which is a lot less dense than their bodies are. We do not see the elements escaping from us but we can feel it. It explains why you don’t stay drunk after infusing large amount of alcohol, because it evaporates as soon as you take them, otherwise you would remain drunk the rest of your life. Similarly, it also explains why medications have to be replenished at a regular rate because it also constantly escapes from our bodies together with the other elements that constitute it. The escape of elements from the body is what dictates the need to feed. And speaking of atomic particles as body elements, heat is one of them. When the weather is colder than normal the body feels cold, this is because body temperature is being sucked by the prevailing temperature, which is a process of equalizing with it. Same is true in warm weather, only in the opposite. The same process is taking place when the other three elements escape—the body is continuously being

absorbed by its lesser dense environment. Eating is a process of replenishing elements that had evaporated. In survival, water more than solid food is vital. This is explained by the fact that water, being more volatile, escapes faster.

Taking a cue from the preceding, here is another approach that sheds more light to the four great elements. A dead rotting dog, for example, is just a dead rotting dog. We do not appreciate the four elements that constitute the dog, so that we also do not realize the escape of the volatile elements such as heat and air when the dog dies. When the dog has dried up and on the way to becoming dust, we do not appreciate the escape of water element leaving only earth. When the flesh is gone leaving only bones, we do not appreciate that the softer earth element has escaped leaving hard earth element, which takes time to break up and be assimilated into its environment. The longer the time for harder objects takes to disappear compared to softer ones explains why hair—which is predominantly solid—seems to petrify; after the escape of the three elements, the harder element takes time to disintegrate.

A wooden chair is a by-product of a tree. Textiles are made from plants made into fibers. A plastic cup is made from materials of either plants or organics dug from earth. Steel is a processed rock. Humans, and other species with the same constituents and with the same process of coming into existence, are sustained by the mother. All of these have one thing in common; all are compounded matters of the same elements although separated by the predominating element. Sustenance from the mother is understood as sustenance from the mother and not as the supply of the four elements necessary to develop the body. Humans eat and drink, we understand this as eating and drinking necessary for growth and sustenance, and not as getting the supply of elements earth and water. We breathe air because this is necessary to live, but how? Breathing is how we supply ourselves with element air. So far an attempt to measure the amount and weight of air the humans breath is yet to be made, but this could explain consequent lose of weight of a dying person that breathed its last breath.

Consider this: if your apple is not as sweet as you may want it to, take a bite then just leave it in the open for a day or two. The escape of water would leave less liquid to dilute solid sugar making it sweeter than when it was fresher. Leave it longer, however, it rots. Same is true with a banana, wherein it is sweetest just before it rots. The escape of water from our body on account of the lesser dense environment that constantly absorbs it is explained by the fact that in winter in cold countries, homes need not only heaters but also humidifiers. The purpose of which is to replenish the water in the atmosphere that the heater dissipated, otherwise the atmosphere that was made too light by the heater would absorb any form of liquid and from any source it could to equalize the pressure and density; and our body is one ready source. On board ships, in winter, where the atmosphere inside the accommodation is made dry by the heater and the ship’s air-tight doors prevent ingress of water-laden air, sailors need to put some buckets of water near them when they go to bed. This is their remedy to prevent their body being dried up by the heater. Still not enough, during winter, sailors need extra skin lotion to moisten their skins dried by the dry air inside the ship. Even at normal temperature, sailors would usually wake up in the middle of the night with dry mouth and throat due to the dry air they breath inside the accommodation. A dead animal, with its senses and consciousness gone, can no longer discern the escape of elements thus the escaped elements would have no way of being replenished. The same is true with all living beings and things. Medical doctors and nutritionists have no explanation but they are certain that certain ailments and diseases could be averted by proper nutrition. Why? Food is to replenish body elements that had evaporated. It goes without saying that infants born with poor health is a manifestation of the mother’s health, that is to say that she is not sufficiently replenishing what is evaporating from her. The foregoing principle in nutrition questions the assertion that small amount of alcoholic beverage is good for the health. The food we feed on possesses the same substances that our body has. Now, what does the alcohol have for it to be good for the health? Corrosion—that is, decomposition—in steel is a process that never stops so long as there is continuous supply of corrosion causing agents, such as oxygen. It is one reason for painting steel; it prevents oxidation, i.e. corrosion by preventing contact with corrosion-causing agents. Paper bends with change of weather. The reason is moisture due to the change in weather; lack of it in the atmosphere absorbs its water element; while too much of it in the atmosphere makes the material to absorb moist. It’s all a process of equalization. All compounded matters, as a matter of fact, are constantly being absorbed into the atmosphere, only some material may take longer than others to disappear due to the prevalence of solid element in them. Understanding this is hampered by the fact that some extremely solid matters takes longer than human lifetime to decompose.

The process of equalization of density and the similarity of our bodily structure to that of earth explains why life exists on this planet. That is, compared to the rest of the planets in our solar system, it is quite noticeable that it is only on earth that the distribution of the four great elements are well balanced so that the lost elements are replenished as fast as they escape. Similarly, plants with nutritive value thrive due to this balance that make life-sustaining elements abundant. In planets that are predominated by heat, life would get sucked by its environment so fast life would not have time to exist. If ever intelligent life similar to ours exists in some other planets, we can expect their bodily composition to resemble that of their abode.[1] The process of equalization of density also explains the observed increased rate in speed in the expansion of the universe, that is, as the bodies move away from the center of mass the distance among themselves increases, which consequently results in the density becoming less and less that causes them to be liable to be drawn to an empty space.

Speaking of intelligent life, if intelligent life with similar physical constitution similar to ours exists in other planets, that planet would certainly be not in the same universe or galaxy that we are in because as we have noticed, each planet is predominated by one substance, and in our galaxy it is only here on earth where a balance of the four elements ideal for human existence is known to exist. It goes without saying that compared to the rest of the planets or stellar bodies that are predominated by one substance the balance existence of the four great elements on earth makes earth either unique or abnormal.

So far, what we have tackled are earthly ones; atomic vibration is a law that governs far, far galaxies beyond the borders of time. We only have to recall the established fact that the law governing an atom applies to all matters and size is a matter of number. After witnessing a super nova, the big bang is no longer a conjecture but an incontestable reality; that is, it happened. But what would cause a body, so huge, to explode? After the dog had died and its volatile elements escaped from the body and blended with its environment its remaining solid elements did not explode violently but gradually broke into smithereens, and thereby adapting and becoming one with its environment similar to the fate of the other three elements that had escaped earlier.

Size is a matter of number so that, a huge body is just a conglomeration of unimaginable number of atoms. One vibration is one life-cycle of expansion and contraction, or vice versa (no one can tell which came first); expansion is birth (when it gathers the four elements) and contraction is death (when the four elements break apart). At this point, it is quite clear that the question “What would cause a huge body to explode?” involves two subjects, that is, life and death, because these two are part and parcel of a single process, i.e. one could not proceed without the other. Therefore, the inseparability of these two makes their discussion similarly inseparable. Discussing this subject also strengthens the relationship between the atom and the four great elements. If it was the big bang that gave life to the universe, what would cause it to die? Could anything spring into existence and exist without an end? That is hardly likely. And that something that sprang into existence, where would it get material for its physical components?

Black hole is said to be a force with strength that is able to bend light.  But what is actually taking place in a black hole? What drives a black hole to take such destructive path? Black hole is a process when the fragmentations that once constituted the single body are gravitating back to their center of mass once their life-cycle comes to their end.

Let’s now take a look at these processes that proves the existence of the four great elements. Looking at a galaxy, we see countless particles. Most galaxies are spiral in shape, and typical of galaxy as shown by photographs taken by scientists is that the intensity of brightness emanates from the center. It is therefore clear that the center where the magnitude of brightness is most intense to be the center of explosion and therefore the center of the mass. (To an observer light-years away from us, wouldn’t they see our solar system—with the sun as its core—the way we see them and the rest of the other galaxies?) As the word spiral implies, it is evident in these galaxies that the fragmentations—or dust if it were a small piece of rock—form an spiral trail suggesting that the explosion was not that of an static object the way a bomb explodes in a straight outward direction while lying immobile. The spiraling formation of the bodies indicates that the explosion was not a single event, but that of lengthily sequential process that starts with one part of the main body cracking until it finally separates from the main body. But why would a body explode? As the volatile elements leaves the body that body would become so dense compared to its surrounding. The large difference in density between the body and its surrounding creates a vacuum so that the inevitable consequence is for the vacuum to suck the body. In the process, it creates cracks and what follows is the first piece of fragmentation to separate from the body. That separation of the first fragment shook the main body off balance causing it to spin, and since the main body has cracks in many places on account of the escape of the more volatile elements, especially water element, it exploded. As the main body spins, fragmentations resulting from the explosion were propelled in succession throwing the fragmentation in direction of spin, hence their spiral trail. The time it took from the moment the explosion took place until the last piece that chipped out of the main body is uncertain (anybody’ guess). Reckoning from the point of view of several hundreds of life times the chipping off of fragmentations never stops. The logic surrounding in the aforementioned explanation contravenes science’s explanation that the big bag happened in a single and very short instant. Following the explosion is for the fragmentations to collect the rest of the four great elements for its next existence. As could be clearly seen, the process on how the atom expands once a large disparity between its density and its surrounding exists once it is contracted is a process similar to a large exploding body. The reason and process, too, for them to contract after expanding are exactly the same, i.e., large disparity in density and the effort to create equilibrium.

            Each galaxy is unique in size and dimension, which suggests that the size and density of the body that exploded and the time it took to explode or fragments is never a duplicate of another explosion. The quality of the body is determined by the elements it collects; while the strength of gravity of a celestial body is dependent on the size and density of the body, and the speed of its rotation. When the fragmentations have become so scattered so that its density becomes too light, that means it has reached a density that the particles could no longer support, i.e., they are too scattered. That would be the signal for them to gather to form a single body. In doing so, they would gravitate to the center of the mass, which is actually the center of the explosion. This is the process referred to as black hole. The statement that black hole is able to suck light is grossly erroneous brought about by the lack of knowledge of the mechanism that drives black hole. Black does not suck anything but rather release it. As the fragmentations gravitate into the center of the mass they at the same time are releasing the elements that constitute them. These elements that are released become dark matters waiting for the next explosion. Light and even sound are matters formed by the confluence of various elements. And in the process of releasing of the elements that they are made of, they break apart resulting in their disappearance.

            It would be useful to use our own solar system in trying to visualize big bang, black hole and gravity. Earth is within the sun’s gravitational pull. Looking at the formation of the planets with the sun at the center it is not difficult to understand that these planets use to form a single body with the sun at the core. Once earth and the other planets run out of steam they would gravitate towards the center of the mass they use to constitute; and that is the sun. It would help to recall that the core of earth is made of extremely hot liquid that is trying to force its way towards the surface. Should earth, instead of gravitating towards the sun explodes, that core would be the sun of the resulting fragmentations. To help us understand the process let’s refer to some report from the world of modern science.

ü  MACHOs[1] are not directly observable. They become indirectly detectable only when their large gravitational fields act as lenses that magnify objects behind them. [2]

ü  The astronomers said that they had found the gravitational signatures of seven objects in the halo surrounding the Milky Way galaxy, ranging in size from the mass of the sun to one-tenth its size.

ü  The space between the stars contains gas and dust at extremely low densities. This matter tends to clump into clouds. These clouds are called nebulas when they block more distant starlight, reflect starlight, or get heated by stars so that they glow.

ü  Interstellar dust is made of fine particles or grains. Although only a few of these grains are spread through a cubic mile of space, the distances between the stars are so great that the dust can block the light from distant stars.

ü  Many small, dark regions are known where few or no stars can be seen. These are dark nebulas, dust clouds of higher than average density that are thick enough to obscure the light beyond them. 

ü  Interstellar gas is about 100 times denser than the dust but still has an extremely low density. The gas does not interfere with starlight passing through it, so it is usually difficult to detect. When a gas cloud occurs close to a hot star, however, the star's radiation causes the gas to glow. [3]

What the scientists had found could not but be construed as presence of objects in outer space that although possessing qualities that hampers direct observation, i.e., not visually detectable, they however give sign of their existence by other means.

ü  Scientists struggled to explain what form this dark matter took, but some suggested brown dwarfs, tiny stellar objects that did not have the mass to become glowing stars; black holes; and subatomic particles like neutrinos and Wimps (weakly interacting massive particles). 

ü  Although confident that a large majority of the dark matter in the universe took the form of white dwarfs, the scientists said that neutrinos and other exotic particles could very likely make up some of the universe's other dark matter. [4] 

A matter, be it a pebble or a galaxy, is composed of the great four elements. Just as the atom experiences birth and death, every single object has a certain life span. Life cycle starts when it collects the four elements for it to exist, and starts to end when the four elements escape, with the volatile elements escaping first leaving element earth. Life cycle of humans is very useful in understanding the length of the stages of life cycle of stellar bodies. Among humans, the growing stage when it collects its necessary elements for it to grow is just about one third of its total life span. It explains why the ability of the human body to function starts to decline at age twenty and it declines faster with age.

What the scientists saw in outer space but are not able to explain, which although indirectly detectable but possesses large gravitational fields are the four great elements, which were given off by the body while in the process of disintegrating. On account of the photos that scientists have taken showing dark matters enveloping galaxies, scientists claim that it is the gravity of dark matters that hold galaxies together; this could not be farther from the truth. Dark matters are the four elements, and they are enveloping the galaxy because they are within the gravitational pull of that galaxy since they form an integral part of that galaxy. In other words, they belong to that galaxy the way clouds envelop earth because clouds is not only its natural properties but also one of its components, i.e., element water that transformed into cloud. These dark matters were released by a dying body and are just standing by to be absorbed by the next arising body. Dark matters are not matters but elements; they would start to become matter once they have gathered the rest of the elements to form a unit of body. They are not directly detectable because they are as abstract as elements air, water and heat could be abstract. Element earth is not abstract but still it is not yet matter at this stage but is only an element.

Consider this, “Wherever there are large numbers of young stars, there are also large quantities of interstellar gas and dust. New stars are constantly being formed out of the gas and dust in regions where the clouds have high densities. Although many stars blow off part of their material back into the interstellar regions, the gas and dust are slowly being used up.”[5] This short statement from scientists says everything this whole exploration is trying hard to clarify. This is in total harmony with the assertion of this exploration and is thus concrete evidence that dark matters are the four great elements floating on the fringes for the next arising celestial body to collect. And the fact that these four elements, after separating from the main body once the body disintegrate, just floats around for the arising of the next body proves that these four are indestructible. In other words, they do not reproduce, they only recycle.

            If “all of the observable matter in the universe, such as stars, gases, and galaxies, added up to little more than 10 percent of the total mass most theories required to be present in the universe. Astronomers theorized that the other 90 percent consisted of dark matter…” is because the dark matters are material of the body that is to arise. It is just like a house to be built; the materials would appear to so be many before it is fitted in the house. If all the matters, i.e., celestial bodies and dark matters, in outer space could be made into a material of same grade, quality and size, like sand, and if it could be scattered evenly they would occupy the whole universe. And this is exactly the same constant process that is taking place all the time out there and here on earth—push and pull between areas of high and low density; an endless cycle impersonally trying to create a state of equilibrium. Obviously, since the cycle perpetuates its self; whatever state it arrives at never stays that way. It is in constant flux.

Now to summarize big bangs and black holes; these two processes belong to a single process, which is tug of war of two extremes of densities. That is, as soon as the density becomes too light as a result of expansion the more it would hasten the body’s release of its volatile elements. As a result, the scattering of the fragmentations would result in density imbalance. This large disparity in density would cause the fragmentation (the bodies) to be drawn in towards their center of mass; this is black hole. The process of breaking up of its elements and eventual disappearance of the body was misconstrued by scientists as force strong enough to gobble up anything including light. And once the fragmentations regroup to their center of mass, they would form a single body and since the other three elements are absent, it would contract with equal hardness, which is an inverse density when it is expanded. The extremely dense body creates a vacuum in its surrounding and the natural result is for the body to be sucked by the vacuum to fill in the void. This results in a big bang. In these two processes, the common denominator is density and the effort to equalize it.

Science can prove beyond doubt that the universe that exploded started as just a dot but nobody ever dare to raise the question on how did it reach its present size. Just how compressed does a certain body become when the volatile elements have escaped? In 1916 the German astronomer Karl Schwarzschild calculated just how compressed a star would have to be for its gravity to trap light. According to Schwarzschild's calculations, a star the size of the sun--864,950 miles (1,392,000 kilometers) in diameter--would have to shrink to less than 1.9 miles (3 kilometers) wide.   …In 1939 the United States physicists J. Robert Oppenheimer and Hartland S. Snyder discovered that it is possible for stars much larger than the sun to become this small.[6] What happened? Although scientists, employing standards acceptable to them, are able to explain it, the standard they use does not offer explanation as to why? The explanation is because the other three elements have separated leaving only solid element. This in complete agreement to the claims of scientists that the universe used to be a very small object before it exploded. Again, the explanation is plain and simple, back then, or before it exploded it was made so compact by the escape of the other three elements.  Look at earth, what would be left of it once the other three elements are gone? So that as the fragmentations converge to form a single body and with the volatile elements gone, that single body would become so dense compared to the space surrounding it thus it is liable to be drawn to that less dense space leading to a big bang. Again, we only have to recall how atom vibrates to comprehend the process. Science postulates that the universe used to be just a small dot, which is true. But where did it get its present size? The theory about the universe starting from a small dot is a result of mathematical proposition that did not factor in the mathematically unquantifiable four great elements although their presence is made undeniable by the findings from scientists as quoted above.

The proof that the elements that dissipated in the vast void space—known as dark matters—are remains of a decomposing body could also be approached not in any empirical observation or mathematical calculation but in the simple fact that if these elements would not gather to form another body and the celestial bodies would keep on disintegrating, the heavens would run out of planets; common sense plain and simple. Please refer to the excerpts from scientists report mentioned in the preceding pages and they say it all. This is a logic supported by the atom, which does not disappear on the way to its expansion (and/or contraction) but the expansion makes it gather force for its next contraction, and vice versa. The proposition based on mathematical hypothesis that after a black hole feeds it disappears forever is grossly erroneous; anything that feeds has excrements. Similarly, there has to be a raw material for the next arising body to draw from.

From here it is conclusive that just as in the process that causes the atom to vibrate; it is the tug of war between two extreme densities that triggers big bangs and black holes. As it were, just as birth and death are two chaotic stages and so are the processes of galactic contraction and expansion, but en route from contraction to expansion—that is in growing stage—is an illusory state of equilibrium, which is the First Cause. Illusory since time made the change indiscernible. And since this cycle knows no end, it is also the Perpetual and Eternal cause, in other words the prime mover of the universe. This is supported by one of the ancient theories, “Empedocles maintained that all things are composed of four irreducible elements: air, water, earth, and fire, which are alternately combined and separated by two opposite forces, love and strife. By that process the world evolves from chaos to form and back to chaos again, in an eternal cycle.”

The process of equalization of densities is without doubt is the force that created life. Along the same line, it answers the same question of going back in time, that is, to “unbreak” a broken egg. Again, this logic defies the mathematically-feasible proposition that going back in time is a matter of speed. Because the cycle is constantly in one direction, that is, if it started as up and down, it would never slacken to re-start as down and up, or vice versa. It goes without saying that it does not de-equalize to attain equilibrium. This is exemplified by some chemical substances that are liable to polymerize, as explained by the cheese that had hardened. The volatile elements that had escaped could not go back for the cheese to regain its old form. Why? Because as soon as those elements separate from the body that they use to be part of, their connection to that body is already cut off. Those elements then would be floating on the fringes waiting for the next arising matter. Therefore, it is now clear that ‘revert’ is not the correct term when fragmentations are heading back to re-form a single piece of object (as in black hole) because the process is a continuous cycle of disintegration and re-formation (or vice versa). Although the outcome of such re-formation is a body with the same attributes (four elements), it would not be the same body that had disintegrated. And as the word cycle implies, it has no discernible beginning or end.

Heat is also effective in illustrating equalization process, wherein the drop in temperature of the higher temperature causes a consequential rise in the lower temperature until the mean temperature is reached. An example to this is when a heated poker is dipped into cold water; a drop in temperature in the poker would cause a consequential rise in the water temperature until both temperatures are equal. Heat, as we know, influences density, that is the higher the temperature, the less dense the molecules would become. Change in temperature is what causes steel to soften and water to solidify. It must also be noted that weather disturbances are caused by uneven temperature on the earth’s surface. Air movement with the purpose of equalizing pressure is just a consequence of uneven temperature distribution. The earth’s rotation, as far as weather phenomenon is concerned, although contributes to it is not as strong a factor compared to that of uneven temperature. Monsoons—one single largest factor that motivates weather pattern from the Pacific to Indian Ocean—is solely to blame on the seasonal rise and fall of temperature in a large plateau in Mongolia.

B. Atom is Not Matter But Motion.

Let’s recall one of the old wise men as starting point for this subject. Heraclitus maintained that all things are in a state of continuous flux, that stability is an illusion, and that only change and the law of change,… are real.

It is uneven density that drives the atom to impersonally vibrate with the impersonal purpose of creating a balanced density, although that purpose is never achieved. This impersonal effort to strike equilibrium drives the atom to constantly and perpetually oscillate and thus making the atom in constant motion, that is, at no time does it remain the same in its moment to moment existence. The constant and perpetual vibration makes it clear that atom does not exist although atomic vibration does. In other words, the matter that atom represents is an illusion because at no time does an atom pause to represent an unchanging matter. However, scientists’ success not only in splitting it apart but also in breaking it into several pieces confirms the existence of an internal structure. Therefore the proposition of an atom to be a motion and is not a matter does not agree to the newly found fact of an atom with structure. As a matter of fact, atom could even be harnessed, i.e. electricity, and atomic particles that could be stored and made into something useful and for destructive purposes.

To be able to answer whether atom is matter or motion, let us delve into the manifestations of atomic vibration that we routinely experience, the implication of which is more profound than the process itself.

Time and space are two inter-changeable entities. Units of time are but mathematical divisions and references to enable conceptualization of time so that even without numbers to express unit of measurement the existence of time and space in microscopic ones could be reasonably proven. As it were, an atom’s vibration if expressed or measured in space is infinitesimally small; it is similarly infinitesimally short if measured in time. So far, the best model to appreciate that the existence of matter is an illusion is, again, our bodies. Take a photo of a person when it was a budding infant and one photo when it becomes a decrepit individual. Understandably, that person did not age as fast as you turn your sight from one photo to another. But even if it did, there was still a gap of time of turning your eyes. Now, let’s go back to the normal process of aging. A person growing and aging is conceivable, and that those years that took a person to grow and age are made of hours, of days, of weeks, of months and so on. Yet, even seconds have its fractions that are infinitely immeasurable; in other words, smallness that could no longer be expressed numerically but logic could comprehend. Using the numeral one to represent a second, that one could be fractioned until it almost disappears but it will never disappear. Applying these infinite fractions of time to the aging process it becomes undeniable that at no time did change paused to bring in change. In other words change was constant and perpetual, its comprehension hampered only by time. Even after physical growth has stopped, never has change stagnated only to confirm the fact that growth is a process of decay. This is on account of the atom that never ceases to vibrate; the atom, which are the stuff we are made of. A ship made of steel, for example, gets corroded thus the maintenance for its upkeep otherwise corrosions consumes it. That corrosion did not set in at the blink of an eye, but a slow process of decomposition made possible by atomic vibration; it goes without saying that the solidity that the steel represents is an illusion.

The human body is subject to the same cycle of birth and death within its self. A single life-time that starts from birth and ends at death is one life cycle. In other words, one human life-time is one vibration. But, what is left unnoticed is that this single life cycle is made up of numerous other cycles of life and death. It is now common knowledge that the human skin dies. It is said that the dead skin that has fallen from the human body becomes food to minute-size insects. Moreover, it is said that dead skin that has fallen from one person in a single life time is measurable in tons. Why do skin die and how are they replaced, since if they are not replaced humans would run out of skin; this is something that does not happen. Skin of trees is called bark. As the tree sprouts to become a sapling its very thin bark is almost unnoticeable. But as it develops into a large tree and so is its bark that becomes thick. The bark’s thickness makes it even possible to remove by hand. The bark at times even falls off by itself, and this happens to give space to a dying bark. But what would die if none springs? The same is true with the human skin. You might be wondering why no matter how you wash your body, most notably your feet, it still releases so much of skin. It goes to say that the skin never stops to die. And as a matter of fact, it becomes more pronounced as you grow older. A skin dying only to give way to the next layer of skin is one life cycle that never stops as long as the person is alive.

But why do humans never run out of skin? Just as the tree keeps on producing a new bark to replace the dead ones and so do humans with their skins. Just as the tree that gets its sustenance not only for growing but also to replace its dead part and so do humans and the entire kingdom of living beings. Excretions prove that the ingested food is processed and only its sustenance is absorbed and the residue is discarded. But in the case of water, it is quite obvious that it was also liquid that was disposed off, what then was taken out from water that is useful to the body? And what processing has it undergone? The way the body processes water to be able to assimilate it into its self is explained by the fact that eating and drinking is for the supply of the elements of solidity and water, respectively. (Heat is supplied by the environment.) The food and water we ingest is processed by the body to be able to obtain the elements of solidity and cohesion that solid food and water have, the purpose of which is to replenish the said elements that had evaporated and sucked by the atmosphere that is less dense than us.  But it is not only through evaporation that the body losses its elements. Although it is not as obvious as the bark of a tree, skin dying only to be absorbed by the environment is a completion of a life cycle. It is not out of the ordinary that vegetables we ingest are excreted half digested only, but meat is digested thoroughly. The reason to this is that as the quality, or physical composition, between the food we ingest and our body becomes larger, the body does more labor in processing it for it to assimilate into the body. For this reason the body does more labor to process vegetable than it does meat because meat is already processed—it is a ready product, it was processed by the animal whose life we took for food. It goes to say that once we are eaten by an animal, that animal would have no difficulty digesting us since we are also a ready product. Because plants do not have innards to process its food but it does it in its roots by mixing different kinds of substances, the outcome is an unfinished food that humans still need to process. All the same the purpose is to replace dying parts of the body.

Here are some practical application of atomic vibration. According to doctors, one getting fat as one gets older is due to metabolism that slackens as one gets older, thus food intake has to be minimized. However, one getting fat with age is explained by the fact that while in the growing stage food serves two purposes; one is for growing and the other is to replenish body elements that had escaped. But as soon as growing stops food serves one purpose alone, and that is for the latter. Thus when we eat the same amount of food even after growth has stopped the excess food manifests itself. Physical movement too helps in forcing out unneeded body fat since the body heat generated by physical activity agitates atoms for them to escape into the atmosphere faster. Remember the relationship between heat and motion. Another practical application: as one gets older becoming sickly is normal. Your personal black hole is at work.

A shell fish gets its raw material from where it lives; you’ll know this when you accidentally eat dead shell fish meat when the taste and appearance of it is mud. It’s only reverting to its old self.

Change from growth to decay is also true in planets, stars, galaxies and including the whole universe. It is only time that gives the appearance of permanence. As there are millions of galaxies, big bangs and black holes are occurring simultaneously in similar number. As the creation of a galaxy does not take in one momentary explosion, black hole similarly takes time into take its path. Black hole is a process; it is motion, appreciation of which is hampered by time.

Death is necessary in order to regain youth; just imagine how would a person look once it keeps on aging? As it is, earth is en route to destruction. Global warming are symptoms of Earth being sucked into its own black hole. The escape of the three volatile elements would cause earth to become so compressed and join the other fragmentations to form a single body that they once were. If earth is a result of a huge explosion just like the rest of the planetary bodies in space; what makes earth special for it to be counted out from being gobbled up by the opposite process that caused it to spring to life? No problem, it will get another shot at life in its next big bang. The explanation above proves the atom is motion, and the following explanation proves it is not matter.

C. The Missing Link in the Study of Atom

It is now an established fact that the world we live in, including our bodies is made of the same atom as the immeasurable universe is. In their effort to find more about the atom, scientists were able to break it apart that led to the discovery that the atom has smaller constituents. But aside from those that scientists confirm to have found, what do we know about the atom? To start with, the traditional symbol of atom—that of a dot with smaller particles orbiting it—is just a working model but in no way does it accurately represent the actual picture of the atom. To illustrate this is the human heart represented by something that does not resemble what it represents. Another is the star, whose traditional presentation is entirely different from what we see when night falls. As it were, with the passage of time as more and more is discovered about the atom, the more this symbol moves further away from the truth. It is also amazing that a great span of time that had lapsed from the first report (which was before the current era) until its re-discovery only in the past hundred years or so. Although it is understandable that the first report was ignored because the ancient philosophers of Mediterranean who first reported the existence of atom did not leave any form of evidence that would be acceptable using the present science norm. However, as this exploration sufficiently proved the process of logical deduction, which was the only tool available to them then, has a way of arriving to a useful and relevant conclusion. Another factor that would discourage modern science to give the older works their proper recognition is the matter of the four great elements. Although the subject of the four elements occupied its rightful place then, it unfortunately evolved to look like it is some kind of sorcery. However with the discovery of dark matters it might be worthy to look into the relevance of the four great elements. And, so too, with the difficulty in opening up the atom due to size, the way of the pioneering men might be useful in understanding what it is.

Atom is the building block of matter; with this premise it only follows that atom is matter. This is made concrete by the structure that scientists found in it. Moreover, following its discovery, scientists not only were they able to split it apart but were also able break it apart into numerous bits and pieces of particles, they refer as Particle Zoo. But what exactly are they? What are their compositions or chemical make up? What is not commonly known about the four great elements is that these are not just that, but they have sub-levels that fall under the purview of human’s senses. Let’s take for example a solid matter; aside from its obvious visibility and hardness that could be felt, has taste, emits smell, and produces sound. Consider a flower; obviously sweet scent is its nature. Observe however that a flower emits more of its fragrance as it dries. Odor is the best model to illustrate the qualities of the four elements since it shows not only how smell constitutes the flower or of any matter, but it also shows how the elements escape into the atmosphere as the body it constitute decays. Sound is also a useful in proving the existence of sub-levels of the four elements. The flower would certainly emit a sound of silence once it decays and breaks apart, but it is proven that the more protons—in other words, the harder or denser—a body possesses the more radio active it is. Incontrovertibly radio activity emits sound. In other words, sound is also one of the properties of all matters, however the present devices to detect sound is capable of detecting sound only from dense objects. In other words, since sound is particle, and if a device sensitive enough to detect extremely faint sound exists, the sound emitted by soft matters could be heard. To prove this, we only have to recall how the number one could be fractioned into its extremity. As a matter of fact, even the sound emitted by hard solid objects could be realized only through gadgets designed especially for detecting them. Moreover, science has proof that the noise that resulted in the big bang of our universe is still with us. That noise has always been there but we are never aware of it without especial hearing device. In the case of the banana that gets sweeter as it rots, it is due to the escape of element water leaving solid sub-element taste that makes it sweeter. But as decay increases, that is, as the good tasting sub-elements escapes, the bad taste would also set in, meaning its sub-element of taste decays. It must be noted that even bad odor does not last. A rotting meat has foul smell but as soon as it dries up the bad smell goes away with it—as soon as the particles of sub-elements of smell escapes into its environ. The process of smell element blending with its environ proves that smell is also particle.

As evidenced by the several levels of odors and taste that an object possesses, it proves the existence of numerous sub-levels of taste and smell in a single compounded object. How is this? Before answering that let us recall the countless particles that resulted after scientists smashed two protons against each other. Now, when a meat decomposes, it emits a foul smell. Decomposition is a process when the elements that the body is made of are breaking apart and leaving the body. Since the four elements are also made up of sub-elements; it goes to say that decomposition is a process not only of elements leaving the body but also of the sub-elements separating from the each other. Mutation is one way of describing things that transforms into an object with different structural composition. But one cannot transform a wooden chair into a steel or plastic chair. The outcome would be of different dimension of chair but still of the same material. Oxidation is also a process of transformation with the help of oxygen. However, chemical makes up of a certain object never change. Adding or removing one or two elements into a chemical substance does not alter the basic elemental components of the substance that was added to or the substance that was added in, although it may create a substance with different chemical structure. Alchemy? The experiment conducted by Ernest Rutherford[7] of encaging a radio-active piece of rock with nitrogen and successfully transforming the nitrogen into oxygen and hydrogen did not factor in the fact that radiation is a process of the object releasing its elemental particles. When the particles were released from the piece of rock, the nitrogen merely attracted the free particles thus increasing its protons by one to form oxygen. In the case of the hydrogen, what must be remembered is that hydrogen a single-proton substance. Thus the free particles released by the radio-active rock were either absorbed by one of the protons of the nitrogen to form hydrogen, or one free proton absorbing the other particles of the nitrogen to form hydrogen. To help us understand the process of how certain elements are able to attract and incorporate themselves into element of dissimilar composition, are some liquid chemical substances that are miscible with water but some are not. Those miscible ones are similar in elemental composition for them to embrace each other; while the immiscible ones differ largely for them to reject each other. The crux of the matter is that whatever the process is, whether it is mutation, oxidation or alchemy, removing or adding does not alter the elemental composition of an atom. Adding water only lessens the sweetness of a cup of coffee but the amount of sugar that goes in to the body is still the same. A common example is water that is a combination of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen. When those atoms clump together to form water or if they separate from water, their elemental structure does not change. It goes without saying that the attributes or properties of an atom are in several levels. That is to say that the smell of good and its opposite bad smell, and similarly of taste and sound are both present in one atom and thereby of the matter it constitutes. That is, once an object decays the good smell does not mutate into bad smell but the good smell escapes leaving the bad smell. These were the numerous particles that the scientists have seen when they smashed two protons against each other, although they were unable to identify them. But why is it always the good smell/taste that leaves first? The law that governs the escape of particles is that the less dense ones escape first. Another proof not only of the several levels of attributes that the elements possesses but also of the sequence of the particles escape is food, which tastes so good but the exact opposite once it turns into excrement. Meaning, the lighter density good smell being lighter gets assimilated into the body first leaving heavy density bad smell. It is a fact that odor that people emits is the same as the food they feed on. Another proof that odor is particle is that it travels. It could be said that the atomic sub-level of color, a property of solidity, needs no discussion due to its obvious visibility. However, fire, as well, comes in various colors. Aside from the usual yellow and amber that carbonaceous materials produce, there are the green and blue produced by petroleum gases. Even light is a property attributable to the element of solidity. It’s what makes material to emit light possible, an example of which is a luminescent material, proving that light is particle. Even water has color, it’s what creates rainbow. Gas in the form of smoke has color, too. An object possessing different properties at the same time is proven by variant colors that plants, other living things such as sea shells, and other naturally occurring objects such as bird’s feather, have.

The presence of several levels of sub-atomic particles of sound, smell, color and taste in a body is proven by the human body. The physical characteristics of humans are reflection of its genes. Now, it is not uncommon that some parents’ genes would manifest not in the children but in the grandchildren. It strongly indicates that humans possess genes that do not manifest.

What follows are some basic questions that would connect the atom to the four elements. How could a human with its soft composition be of the same atom as the solid rock is? Air that is invisible, water that flows and even light, which is confirmed to be made of particles, how could they be of the same atom? How could some vegetables come with strong recommendation for being good for the health? How could a banana possess the elements needed by our heart because it is present in it? How could calcium in liquid milk be the same after it has solidified into cheese? And the same calcium is also found in shell fish. How could nicotine that is pumped into the body by inhaling its smoke found in the human veins?

Predominance is one of the big words in the subject of the four elements; that is one of the four predominates the other three. Predominance explains the different construction of matters even if their building block is the same atom. Predominance explains why the calcium in liquid milk is the same as calcium in solid cheese. Milk has element water as its dominating element and since the elements retain their structure no matter in whatever form they assume, the calcium does not change in structure even after the milk has solidified into cheese. Similarly, it explains why the nicotine found in solid tobacco never change in structure after it has turned into gas smoke. In science although the subject of predominance is not specifically mentioned, it affirms it by the terms “atomic weight and atomic mass,” meaning every atom has varying composition due to the different number of particles composing it.

Atomic decay and anti-matter are two common words in the study of atom. The process of arising and disappearing as explored in the preceding pages is also useful in appreciating atomic decay and anti-matter as science expounds. Recently, the first ever actual video of an electron that is actually pulsating was made public.[8] The video was enlarged for visibility and the motion slowed down to enable appreciation. One thing is missing however, the explanation on why it pulsates. Scientists would refuse to explain it without tangible proof since doing so is philosophizing and that is not their cup of tea. As expounded above, atomic vibration is a perpetual cycle of arising and disappearing, or birth and death. Subsequent to atomic expansion is the dispersal of its four elements, in other words, that particular atom dies and would no longer exist. Contraction immediately follows. But what is there to contract if nothing is there to contract, i.e., if it no longer exists? Although that particular atom no longer exists because the particles that constitute it have dispersed and separated from each other, the particles did not totally disappear but are just on the fringes, although they do not form a part of anything at that instant. Now, the dispersal of elements would create density imbalance, which would suck the particles into the center of the mass of the atom that they formerly constitute. As it contracts large disparity in density between the atom and the space around it would be created, similar to the uneven density created by the expansion. The large disparity in density caused by the contraction would then suck the elements apart in order to create balanced density. But, the cycle only repeats itself; the expansion and eventual dispersal of elements has left a vacuum so that the effort to create equilibrium created another imbalance. This imbalance would consequently suck the elements back and would initiate contraction process for the arising of the next atom. It is a perpetual process of cause and effect of each other. But before proceeding, it is important to note that although the atom that is about to arise has the same composition as that of the atom that had just died, it is not the same atom because the old atom is dead and has ceased to exist. Thus, as it contracts to gather its elements for the arising of the next atom, not all of the elements are sucked back; some of them are completely lost. This is atomic decay that results in anti-matter as proven and explained by dead skin.

Consider this, Strangely enough, pitchblende, a uranium ore, proved to be four to five times as radioactive as was pure uranium, even after the uranium had been removed from the pitchblende.[9] The explanation is simple: As explained above, all matters, while in the process of expansion, release their atomic particles; therefore, it is neither the uranium nor the pitchblende that is radiating but the particles composing them. But even if all objects radiate consequent to the release of particles, it is only extremely hard objects, i.e., those with high number of protons, and with their observable result, that is construed to radiate. This is because, although radiation and sound are sub-level elements of element earth, the present hearing devices are able to detect sounds that are emitted only by extremely hard objects. Similarly, it is only hard objects that are able to create perceptible and measurable consequence. To prove that there exist a faint sound that presently existing sound measuring device are not able to detect is again the numerical value one. Divide it to what ever number and that one may be reduced to an unrecognizable value but never would it disappear. Even if uranium has been removed and separated from the pitchblende and that its ability to radiate has diminished, but being raw, the presence of particles to radiate, i.e., to be released, is still higher than the uranium. The uranium, on the other hand being pure could posses more protons than the pitchblende but due to the absence of the other particles its radio activity is diminished. What separates the two is not the amount of radio activity but the strength, as dictated by their hardness or number of protons. And just as the noise that radiation caused could be detected only by hearing devices, the particles lost is similarly invisible to the human eye.

Atomic vibration explains debilitating and incurable diseases in humans. Findings in the field of medicine confirm that cancer is caused by bodily cells that mutate. At no time does atom cease to vibrate, not even when encaged in a dense object. Scientists would attest that radio active particles get lost, which proves that dense matters such as radium do not escape atomic decay. If atomic decay occurs in a hard rock, such as radium; how much more in the human body with its soft structure? Atomic decay is a process that all matters experience. Changes in the body are made possible only during vibration. That is, when the atomic particles composing bodily cells are not drawn back during contraction; as a result, with the help of oxygen, they transmute into something that would impair the natural function of the body, leading to fatal and debilitating diseases such as cancer, diabetes, heart ailments and the like.

This is also the explanation why would a certain planetary body self-destruct due to the escape of its three volatile elements. Let’s take earth as a case in point, it is not true that all of the water and air that had risen from the earth’s atmosphere circulate back to earth; a nearly negligible amount—as negligible as dead skin to the body—is lost, in other words, it undergoes atomic decay. Visualize is a 200-liter drum. 200 liters is 200,000 milliliters. To a 200 liters of liquid loosing one milliliter—not even half of tea-spoon—is negligible. But if one milliliter of liquid is lost to every transfer into another drum, it needs only 200,000 transfers to exhaust those 200 liters of liquid. In one TV documentary a scientist held in his hands a burning piece of paper. The amount of smoke, he said, is the same amount of matter that the paper is made of.  Remember the brick maker? There are some well meaning organizations admonishing us to be responsible in use of water since there are positive indications that earth is running out of it. Although it is only correct and proper to use water responsibly, there is no amount of wise management of water consumption could prevent water from running out. The answer is simple, “Where does it go?” What separates earth from the human body are the senses that tell the human body to replenish its lost elements. In the human body, it is only solids that we notice to be dying off due to their obvious visibility but this is true to the other three elements; it explains why we feel cold when the weather is cold. The four elements including its sub-atomic particles dying off is a process of equalizing with nothingness and is true to all matters.

Science declares there is energy we can’t feel and virtual particles we can’t see. If the four elements were given their due attention at the time when what causes the star to twinkle was found, dark matters would not have been a mystery. It is believed that it is the atmosphere such as clouds passing between the line of sight and the star that make a star twinkle, which is not inconceivable. But if clouds are able to do this how much more on dark matters dark matters whose presence are more prevalent? At this point, on account of the recent findings on dark matters, the four great elements could no longer be ignored. The four great elements, therefore, is the missing link in the study of the atom.

The four great elements including its sub-elements are what scientists describe as the virtual particles. This is explained by fungus, mildews, mushrooms and the like, that would not arise without raw material. According to science, quarks never exist in isolation but always in combination, this is because they are constituents of something, once they separate they are no longer what they, are and as they blend with their surrounding they become none entities. They would just be floating for the next arising matter to be used up.

Along the same line, the unequal density that pushes and pulls atomic particles is the force that scientists refer to as invisible force, aptly called the Dark Energy that mesmerizes science. The weak and strong nuclear force that pushes then make the particles retract, or what science refers to as energy borrowed from nowhere, is the force of push and pull of equilibrium. What scientists saw convinced them there is something holding the neutrons and protons together, thus hypothetically they found the gluon. It is the speed of vibration however that creates the illusion that would make it look like there is an object holding them together.

The following is another way of appreciating the illusion that the speed of atomic vibration creates. According to British physicist and university professor Jim Al-Khalili, “a human hair is a million atoms wide” and “there are more atoms in a single glass of water than there are glasses of water in all the oceans in the whole world.”[10] Scientists describe atom as outer particles electron orbiting the nucleus protons and neutrons. However, for a size that is infinitesimally small, it only follows that the speed of its vibration to be indescribably fast. In other words, what the scientists saw is hardly a factual representation of the actual atom due to the speed of its vibration. Although the nucleus is larger than the particles orbiting it, the very first video of atomic vibration, made by Swedish scientists, did not even show a nucleus but only the outer particles electron. But before making conclusions in the Sweden video of electron, it must be noted that not all electrons are equal. Although the atoms are governed by the same law and are composed of the same four elements, they, however, come in many forms and therefore electrons are as many as the varieties of objects they constitute. It goes to say that, scientists, to say the least, have yet to arrive at a stage to be able to present a visual representation that would define atom. In other words, the atom as scientists envisage is no more than a conjecture. This is because, if the camera is able to detect the oscillating electron, how much more on the nucleus which is relatively stationary, if the presentation of scientists of it to be correct? Again from Jim Al-Khalili, “when you fire a bullet, the atom has traveled two miles even before the bullet leaves the barrel of the gun.” The speed of atomic pulsation is measurable in terms of millionth of lighting. The best example to prove that what scientist is illusion is an electric fan; the speed of the revolution of the blades creates an illusion that would deny the eyes to realize that it has several blades that are separate from each other. As such, the very first encounter with it would make the mind conceive that an electric fan is made up of a single plain sheet of something, and that plain sheet of something is generating air. Moreover, observe that when an electric fan is running, whatever is behind it is visible as if there is nothing between your eyes and the behind the fan, while in fact the blades of the fan are there. Another analogy is a firebrand rotated with so much speed so that it appears that the fire is one continuous circle. What scientists observed of a nucleus surrounded by pulsating outer particles is an illusion. The nucleus and the particles orbiting it are just one and the same. That is, the nucleus are the atomic particles that has contracted; conversely, the electrons thought to be orbiting the nucleus are the particles that has expanded. The atom, therefore, is not something that is made up of a nucleus and particles around it, but the atom is one structure once contracted but turns into several particles once it expands. This is the answer to science’s question of how could a solid piece of rock be made of empty space. The answer lies in the fact that the atom becomes an empty space only once it is expanded. Because of the speed of vibration, an illusion is created that would cheat the mind into believing that the cluster of particles is composed of two basic components, namely the dot at the center, and particles orbiting the dot. To see is to believe, but what the scientists saw is an illusion. This is because the dot at the center is the same particles once they have reached the most dense part of contraction and is about to expand. On the other hand, what seem to be particles orbiting the dot are when the particles reached the extreme edge of expansion. In other words, just like the fan, due to the speed of vibration, what goes between the dot and the extreme edge that the particles has reached is not observable to the observer.

Therefore, the strong force that scientist believed to be holding the atomic particles together is just half of the process of push and pull of equilibrium or process of equalization. And this is the same force that motivates big bangs and black holes. Speaking of equalization, the answer to the inequality of density in the universe and why the impersonal effort to equalize it would never be achieved is a direct cause of the great disparity of densities not only from one atom to another, or from one element to another, but also within one atomic element, due to temperature. Just like the apple or banana, the degree of decay is never equal within itself due to atomic movement on account of temperature.

The particles that the atom is composed of are the four great elements. It goes to say that in every object or matter, there exist the four elements of solidity earth, motion air, cohesion water and temperature heat. But the quality of the object would be characterized its predominating element. Matter air is predominantly element air, it follows that the element earth constituting it is considerably minimal compared to its element air. Apply excessive cold to matter air and it transforms into denser substance, such as fog or moist. Incontrovertibly, increase in temperature makes fog dissipate and moist evaporate. Signifying that in every matter, its body temperature has to be correct for it to exist. The role of predominance is proven by of a piece of rock found on the river bed that is considerably harder than those found on porous grounds that are characteristically spongy. As it were, both the similarity and difference of a hard and soft rock explain the role played by the distribution of the four elements in composing a certain body, which proves that not all atoms are equal; some are harder than the others. In other words, even in the same element itself—element earth, for example—is composed of the other three elements in varying degree. The potassium found in a banana is the same potassium that the human body is made of. The human body and the banana may one way or another resemble each other hardness wise, but the bell pepper, lima beans and carrot, are hardly the same as the human body, much less the human heart. The potassium in fruits and vegetables and the potassium needed by the heart are of the same component and quality; however the totality of the elements in which they are incorporated makes the difference. But none could be more ironic that excrement—they are as atom as the rest of the atoms is. The explanation is that excrement is element earth since the rest of its components have been separated from it.

This leads us to the question whether or not atom is matter. The elements composing the atom are tangible particles that give the atom body or structure. However, although these elements come together to form an object, the atom itself that is made tangible particles never remain in one state but is in constant motion of formation and destruction, therefore atom is motion.

Equally needing explanation is the element of space. The element of space answers the question “Why don’t celestial bodies collide?” Every unit, i.e., unit atom, unit apple and unit galaxy are composed of particles and the fact that they are able to move about freely without destroying each other leads to a conclusion that there exists an element that allows the particles or planetary bodies to move about.

            The key to understanding the question is that vibration is a process, and being so is in stages. We were not there when the universe was created by a big bang and certainly no one among us would be there to witness the fragmentations crushing each other until they become a single body gearing up for the next explosion. But it is not difficult to imagine that the initial stage of the big bang that created the universe or a galaxy was chaotic, to say the least. During the explosion stage we could only infer that the fragmentations are smashing against each other to the point of destruction. And reversing the process, the same destructive result is to be expected when the fragmentations would be heading back to their center of mass as a process of black hole.

Opposite in size of planetary fragmentations are the particles of an atom. At no time do atomic particles—for example those that the apple is made of—remain still but are similarly in constant motion. Before proceeding, it is useful to revive in our minds the smallness of atom and the indescribable speed of its vibration, which is a consequence of that size. Now, in the preceding pages, it was discussed that in the process of vibration, some atomic particles are lost and are not drawn back to contribute to the next arising atom, as a result of the gradual escape of particles is decay in the object; which is the case of the apple’s decay. The apple is not a result of a sudden explosion but that of gradual growth. But during decay, its atomic particles would be tossed in many directions causing them to collide against each other.

Now, looking back at the two vibration process, where is the element that allows the atomic particles or galactic fragmentations room to play? Vibration is a process, so that at some point after the explosion the fragmentations would start gathering its other elements that would define itself; that is the growing stage. Part of the mechanism of growing stage is for the stellar bodies to follow a path that would lead them away from each other. Allowing some digression, it is ironic that people wonder why planets exist harmoniously without colliding against each other; but nobody seems to wonder why do planets rotate on its own axis and revolve around a core? Anything that is hurled would be rotating in its own axis. Both the rotation and revolution that planets are exhibiting is a result of the force that tore it apart from its point of origin. Along the same line, with the natural disasters that not only is occurring in quick succession but also becoming more mercilessly disastrous than the last one, what we may be experiencing is the extremity of the stage that takes the planets away from each other. The force that leads planets away from their center of mass could have been expended already and thus have started to head home. And on their way home, they would be crushing each other. Luckily, we won’t be there to experience it. The same model could be used to visualize how the apple decays. But be that as it may, it is obvious that the space that allows stellar bodies room to play is only incidental to the growing stage, in other words it does not exist at all.

To help us visualize the subject of element of space is our very own earth’s water and air components. It is now a common knowledge that water and air evaporate only to a certain point in the earth’s atmosphere; they do not wonder away from the earth’s sphere of influence until they cease to become integral to earth. Earth’s water and air do not stray into the moon’s atmosphere and similarly, the moon’s atmosphere that does not trespass earth’s atmosphere. And the same is true with elements heat and earth, although it is only water and air that we are able to perceive. The law that keeps the four elements within earth’s sphere of influence applies to the stellar bodies of a galaxy, and to the atomic particles in an apple, or to the elements and sub-elements within the atom itself. Although once in a while a large chunk from somewhere enters earth; that’s an anomaly, however, that is deviant of the law. The apple may seem a single solid object; however, what makes it look like solid is the smallness of the elements and sub-elements that make it up. It goes to say that, if the space within an apple is small, it’s because the atomic particles constituting the apple are also small. Similarly, if the space within stellar bodies is large, it’s because the bodies are proportionately large for them not to collide and destroy each other. In other words, an apple is not a solid object but made of particles with spaces from each other similar to our solar system that is not composed several bodies with the sun at its core, but a single body with distance between the bodies (planets) dictated by the size of the bodies. Conversely, the same is true with galaxies and universes, which like the apple are solid with large space between each body.

An object is defined by the quality of elements that constitute it. This is the law that makes galactic fragmentations unique from each other; that is, planets in the same planetary system would not replicate the main elemental component of another planet. Earth’s uniqueness, compared to the other known planets, is characterized by the balanced distribution of the four elements. It explains the existence of living things, i.e., the escaping elements from their bodies could be replaced by objects around them that are similar in structural make up. The bodies of humans and animals, and plants and minerals are able to support each other because one way or another each—not to mention the same gasses that support life—are made up of the same elemental structure. This is the principle involved in eating, drinking and breathing. Now, what make a certain body collect the elements that would define it?

On board ships, the fuel that powers the ship’s main engine undergoes purifying before it is fed into the main engine. The purifier is designed on the principle that materials of different density once spun would separate from each other. And so, the fuel is fed into a device that spins. The spinning separates the heavy density non-oil materials, such as solid sediments and water from the oil. By pushing the foreign heavier objects at the outer edge of the purifier it leaves lighter oil in the center. Try shaking bucket of sand and the grains would separate according to size. Using the oil-purifier as model, as the galactic fragmentations are hurled, the consequential twirling would tend not only to collect elements of the same structural composition but also dispose those that are largely dissimilar to it. In other words, materials of the same composition or structure would coalesce and dissimilar ones becomes foreign object that would rejected by the dominant material. Once done and have formed a single body, they would also form their center of mass that they would always seek through out their existence. Be it unit atom, unit drop of water, unit earth or unit galaxy, they have their own mass that would consequently have its center. This is the force that keeps our feet keep their hold on the ground below it, since just like the boiling liquid deep within a volcano, humans are made of the same material that every piece of object there is on earth. This is gravity, which is not about attraction of two bodies but the seeking of center of mass. Gravity varies from one planetary body to another due to density of the body. Through out their existence, these bodies with dissimilar elemental structure would never intrude into other body’s sphere of influence but would keep to themselves otherwise doing so would destroy their structural make up; in other words, they would stay in the space suited for their existence. It follows that if a piece rock is taken from the moon and brought on earth it would fly into space without any effort because earth would reject it being a foreign object. This is the main component of the element of space and the main factor for its existence is, again, uneven density.

To conclude this particular subject is the matter of how we pollute the air we breathe and water we drink. Earth as we see it is came into existence as a product of nature. As explained above, twirling separates substances according to their nature or structural composition. This law applies not only from one body to another but also within a body such as Planet Earth. As earth twirls, substances are deposited according to their structural composition. In the process toxic substances such as oil and other minerals commonly referred to as fossil fuel were deposited deep in the bowel of the earth. Now, as we extract those toxic substances and bring them to the surface, we are violating the natural order of things. Oil and other toxic fuel used to generate power for machineries and to fuel motor cars have pollutants that are detrimental to human. Those toxic substances must remain where they are in order to prolong not only human existence but also of earth’s existence itself. This is because bringing substances from deep within earth to the surface hastens evaporation, or atomic decay, which shortens the life of any object. Similarly, not only are substances deep within the earth that has to remain where they are but the same explanation explains as to why some chemical substances, such as mercury, are fatal to humans. These deadly substances are with us all the time since our environment is replete with it, although the amount is so small that their deadly effects do not manifest. However, it is when they are extracted from where they naturally belong and made into concentrate that they become deadly. These substances were deposited where they are as natural order of things that must remain as they are for them not to harm humans.

To summarize the above; the push and pull of equilibrium or the impersonal effort to create a balanced density is the force that sets the element of space. As it were, the uneven density is a direct attribute of the four great elements due to the uneven density not only from one element to another but also the uneven density on the very same atom due to temperature. Therefore, it is the four great elements that is the philosopher’s stone.

As it were, any theorizing would end up waste of time if it does find practical usefulness. Hence of all the practical application of the knowledge atomic vibration mentioned herein, due to its profound consequences, there is none more relevant than the explanation of the harm that radio active particles had caused following the escape of radio active materials from the nuclear plant that the tsunami damaged in Japan in March 2011.

Radiation is understood as the elements emitted by hard objects after undergoing a process of separation from materials that emit them. The result is energy with enormous potential that could be used both for useful and destructive purposes. As it is, the process of non-solid object releasing its elements is not considered to fall under the process of radiation although the process is exactly the same as that of a hard object releasing its elements. It goes without saying that if a soft object, such as a flower, could be compressed as hard as a solid object is, that compressed flower could also emit radio active material. Another example to prove that even liquid radiates, is a beverage found in the southern Philippine islands, which is harvested from coconut trees and has an intoxicating effect, locally referred to as “tuba”. In the early part of the day while freshly harvested, it’s alive with bubbles energetically forcing its way up as if wanting to escape only to circulate back to the bottom upon reaching the surface. As the day wears on, life in the liquid fades until it completely dies, usually within twenty hours or so. Unlike beer, it has no froth, but life in the “tuba” is similar to a beer only livelier, lasts longer and the bubbles are grosser. Ironically although a fresh tuba is sweet, its older version—when bubble movement has completely ceased and has become bitter—has a more intoxicating effect. Moreover, as it gets old, it turns into vinegar.  Yet, its chemical composition never ceases to change because that vinegar would be stronger everyday, which indicates it never stops releasing its particles. It bubbles because it releases particles, and the explanation as to why the bubbles cease to bubble is that the coarser particles, which fall under the category of radio active materials, have been expended.

Be that as it may, atomic vibration as explained in this work could shed light to the power behind radiation. As explained above, an atom is composed of the four elements of earth, heat, water and air, and that it constantly contracts and expands on its own energy. Consequently, as it expands the elements forming the structure of atom separate from each other so that each element including its sub-elements are free from each other’s hold, meaning no longer forming part of an atom but an entity on its own. Factoring size in, the particles composing atom exerts enormous power. And with the purpose of harnessing the energy from it, its structure is forcibly broken apart through a process called fission. Radiation from radio active material itself, such as solid rocks, does not possess the same potent radio activity possessed by radio active material that has undergone separation process. This is because the radiating particles that solid rocks emit have still the chance to repeat themselves into their old origin and form. Atoms are formed by natural forces; it goes to say that the elements constituting it break up and repeat themselves on their own terms. Thus by using force to separate its particles, the existence of that atom is violated since its particles could no longer return to their old self, i.e., it could not complete the cycle that caused it to come into existence. The particles are the four elements do not fade away but only separate from the body they use to form. The free particles that were forcibly broken apart once released from its containment would float free. However, their abundance could make them easily be drawn in by bodies that do not necessarily need them. In other words, since these particles did not die naturally, in order for them to keep repeating themselves they would seek other bodies in search for the other elements to form another atom. But since the source of radio active particles are extremely hard objects, these are completely alien to bodies with large different structural balance—such as those of humans—and would therefore not welcome them. Emission of heat would help in understanding the harm that radiation of solid particles causes. Heat is particle, and extreme heat is foreign to the human body and is therefore harmful to it. Forcibly breaking atomic particles apart for whatever purpose, therefore, is the most vicious means of running against the forces of nature.

Afterglow

            Life is usually treated in departments, thus science, philosophy, theology and other departments of life are usually compartmentalized and considered separate from each compartment. However, as it turned out the search for the beginning of the universe is purely spiritual. Einstein spent the last days of his life in a sick bed occupied with calculations in search of God.[11] In one of his lectures[12], Stephen Hawking made it clear that his work is aimed at answering the questions, “Why are we here on earth?” and, “What is the purpose of life?” On the same Youtube lecture, Stephen Hawking quoted Immanuel Kant, a philosopher, who posited the questions, “If the universe has a beginning, why did it wait an infinite time before it began?” and “If the universe was infinite, why did it wait to reach the present stage?” Another question that mesmerized those with inquiring mind is, “If the big bang was the beginning, what was there before the big bag?” “If it was God who created the universe, what was God doing before he created the universe? The answer to all these questions is the impersonal cycle of atomic vibration, which is motion and which has neither discernible beginning nor end. If Einstein explained how, this work supplied the why.

One of the great difficulties in dealing with this subject is the length of time one planetary life-cycle takes. But here is the analogy; suppose you are the ant living on the surface of the drum of liquid mentioned in the earlier page, whose livelihood is outside of the drum. Suppose one transfer of liquid takes several life-times so that the diminishing liquid level is imperceptible in one life-time. But you gradually noticed that climbing out and in to the drum to collect food are becoming more and more demanding. And because drying up of the liquid meant the end of your world, you find it unacceptable and as such, you would come up with several possible reasons as to the causes of your predicament and ways to address it. One scientist said it would take a disaster for people to wake up. After the deadly storms and other catastrophic disasters we have had in recent years that have never been experienced before, how much more disaster do we need for us wake up?

Now, one final question; how do we remedy global warming? There is none; the cycle is an unfailing process. Global warming is a symptom that earth has started to head towards it own black hole. But there is time; the process of Earth decomposing to its final end would take several hundreds of lifetimes more. Hundreds of lifetimes of scarce food, water and oxygen, extreme heat and cold, severe weather disturbances and other catastrophic natural disasters; in other words, several lifetimes of extreme immutable and insurmountable suffering.

           

Joseph T. Arellano

josphtarellano@yahoo.com

+63 917-2033557

About the author

Joseph Arellano is an experienced ship master with sea career that began in 1973 and ended (hopefully) in 2011.

---

[1] Massive Compact Halo Objects

[2] Compton's Interactive Encyclopedia © 1999 The Learning Company, Inc. (Massive Compact Halo Objects)

[3] Except otherwise stated, those in italics are from Compton's Interactive Encyclopedia © 1999 The Learning Company, Inc. (Astronomy)

[4] Compton's Interactive Encyclopedia © 1999 The Learning Company, Inc. (Timeline: Jan. 16,1996)

[5]From Compton's Interactive Encyclopedia © 1999 The Learning Company, Inc. (Astronomy)

[6]From Compton's Interactive Encyclopedia © 1999 The Learning Company, Inc.

[7] BBC, Jim Al-Khalili, YouTube (Name of show)

[8] By Swedish scientists in published in Youtube.

[9]From Compton's Interactive Encyclopedia © 1999 The Learning Company, Inc.

[10] From BBC documentary Clash of Titans, in YouTube

[11] From a documentary in Europe sometime in 2005.

[12] Youtube,

---

[1] This particular subject has an aspect that could not be included here.

[2] Massive Compact Halo Objects

---

[1]Compton's Interactive Encyclopedia © 1999 The Learning Company, Inc. (Nuclear Physics)

[2] Compton's Interactive Encyclopedia © 1999 The Learning Company, Inc. (Modern Theory of Atom)

[3] Encarta © 1993-2003 Microsoft Corporation. (Western Philosophy)

[4] “One Ocean, The Changing Sea’ by National Geographic, shown on 12 November 2010

[5] Compton's Interactive Encyclopedia © 1999 The Learning Company, Inc. (Timeline: Jan. 16, 1996)

[6] A Buddhist one

[7] Author’s note: Referring to the element of space.

[8] All from Encarta © 1993-2003 Microsoft Corporation. (Western Philosophy)

[9] For whatever worth it offers, another school of thought that espouses similar idea is Buddhism.